Nutrients Uptake of Top Vegetables Irrigated By Distillery Spentwash in Normal and Spentwash Treated Soil

 

S. Chandraju¹* and C.S. Chidan Kumar²

¹Dept. of Studies in Sugar Technology, Sir M.Vishweshwaraya Post-graduate Center, University of Mysore, Tubinakere, Mandya -571402, Karnataka, India.

²Dept. of Chemistry, Bharathi College, Bharathi Nagar-571422, Karnataka, India.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: chandraju1@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT:

Cultivation of some top vegetables was made by irrigation with distillery spentwash of different proportions. The spent wash i.e., primary treated spentwash (PTSW) and 33% spent wash were analyzed for their plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and other physical and chemical parameters. Experimental soils i.e, untreated (plot-1) and spentwash treated (plot-2) soils were tested for their chemical and physical parameters. The top vegetables seeds (Namadhari and Mayhco) were sowed in the prepared land and irrigated with raw water (RW) and 33% spentwash. Influence of spentwash in untreated and spentwash treated soils on proximate principles (moisture, protein, fat, fiber, carbohydrate, energy, calcium, phosphorous, and iron), Vitamin content (carotene and vitamin-c), minerals and trace elements (magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper, manganese, zinc, chromium and nickel) of top vegetables were investigated at their respective maturity. It was found that the nutrients of all top vegetables were high in 33%SW than raw water irrigation. Further, the nutritive values were very high in spentwash treated soil (plot-2) 33% irrigation than untreated (plot-1) and raw water irrigations.

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Molasses (one of the important byproducts of sugar industry) is the chief source for the production of ethanol in distilleries by fermentation method. About eight (08) liters of waste water is discharged for every lifer of ethanol production in distilleries, known as raw spentwash (RSW), which is characterized by high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD: 5000-8000mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand (COD: 25000-30000mg/L)¹, undesirable color and foul smell. Discharge of raw spentwash into open land or nearby water bodies resulting in a number of environmental, water and soil pollution including threat to plant and animal lives. Hence, discharge of spentwash is a major problem. The RSW is highly acidic and contains easily oxidizable organic matter with very high BOD and COD². Also, spentwash contains highest content of organic nitrogen and nutrients³. By installing biomethenation plant in distilleries, reduces the oxygen demand of RSW, the resulting spent wash is called primary treated spentwash (PTSW) and primary treatment to RSW increases the nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and phosphorous (P) contents and decreases the calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl^-), and sulphate (SO₄^2-)⁴.

 

The PTSW is rich in potassium (K), sulphur (S), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) as well as easily biodegradable organic matter and its application to soil has been reported to be beneficial to increase Sugar cane⁵, Rice⁶, Wheat and Rice yield⁷, quality of Groundnut⁸ and physiological response of Soybean⁹. Diluted spentwash could be used for irrigation purpose without adversely affecting soil fertility^10,11,12, seed germination and crop productivity¹³. The diluted spentwash irrigation improved the physical and chemical properties of the soil and further increased soil microflora^14,9,10. Twelve pre sowing irrigations with the diluted spentwash had no adverse effect on the germination of maize but improved the growth and yield¹⁵. Diluted spentwash increases the growth of shoot length, leaf number per plant, leaf area and chlorophyll content of peas¹⁶. Increased concentration of spentwash causes decreased seed germination, seedling growth and chlorophyll content in Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) and the spentwash could safely used for irrigation purpose at lower concentration^17,12. The spentwash contained an excess of various forms of cations and anions, which are injurious to plant growth and these constituents should be reduced to beneficial level by diluting the spentwash, which can be used as a substitute for chemical fertilizer¹⁸. The spentwash could be used as a complement to mineral fertilizer to sugarcane¹⁹. The spentwash contained N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S and thus valued as a fertilizer when applied to soil through irrigation with water²⁰. The application of diluted spent wash increased the uptake of Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in Maize and Wheat as compared to control and the highest total uptake of these were found at lower dilution levels than at higher dilution levels²¹. Mineralization of organic material as well as nutrients present in the spentwash was responsible for increased availability of plant nutrients. Diluted spentwash increase the uptake of nutrients, height, growth and yield of Leaves vegetables^22,23, nutrients of Cabbage and Mint leaf²⁴, nutrients of Top vegetable²⁵, Pulses, Condiments and Root vegetables²⁶, nutrients of pulses in untreated and treated soil²⁷. However, not much information is available on the influence of distillery spent wash on the nutrients of Top vegetables in untreated and spentwash treated soil. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to investigate the influence of different concentration of spentwash on the nutrients of Top vegetables in untreated and spentwash treated soils.

 

Table 1.  Chemical composition of distillery spentwash

Chemical parameters	PTSW	33% PTSW
pH	7.65	7.75
Electrical conductivitya	28800	10020
Total solidsb	46140	20870
Total dissolved solidsb	35160	10140
Total suspended solidsb	10540	4380
Settleable solidsb	10070	3010
CODb	40530	10228
BODb	16200	4800
Carbonateb	Nil	Nil
Bicarbonateb	13100	4200
Total Phosphorousb	30.26	6.79
Total Potassiumb	7200	2400
Calciumb	940	380.0
Magnesiumb	1652.16	542.22
Sulphurb	74.8	22.6
Sodiumb	480	240
Chloridesb	5964	3164
Ironb	9.2	5.20
Manganeseb	1424	368
Zincb	1.28	0.41
Copperb	0.276	0.074
Cadmiumb	0.039	0.010
Leadb	0.16	0.06
Chromiumb	0.066	0.014
Nickelb	0.165	0.040
Ammonical Nitrogenb	743.68	276.64

PTSW - Primary treated spentwash

Units: a- µS: b- mg/L

 

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Physico-chemical parameters and amount of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorous (P) and sulphur (S) present in the primary treated spentwash  and 33% spentwash were analyzed by standard methods (Tables - 1 and 2). The PTSW was used for irrigation with a dilution of 33% in plot-1 and plot-2. Before initiation, plot-2 soil was treated with diluted spentwash for four times with an interval of one week, each time land was ploughed and exposed to sunlight. A composite soil samples from both plots were collected at 25 cm depth, air-dried, powdered and analyzed for physico-chemical properties (Table-3).

Table 2. Amount of N, P, K and S in distillery Spentwash

Chemical parameters	PTSW	33% PTSW
Ammonical Nitrogena	743.68	276.64
Total Phosphorousa	30.26	6.79
Total Potassiuma	7200	2400
Sulphura	74.8	22.6

PTSW- Primary treated spentwash

Units: a- µS: b- mg/L

 

Table 3. Characteristics of experimental soils

Parameters	Plot-1	Plot-2
Coarse sanda	9.72	10.94
Fine sanda	40.80	42.86
Slita	25.28	26.32
Claya	24.2	19.88
pH (1:2 soln) a	8.16	8.15
Organic carbona	526	451
Electrical conductivitybb	0.61	0.93
Available Nitrogenc	340	460
Available Phosphorousc	130	180
Available Potassiumc	80	95
Exchangeable Calciumc	140	150
Exchangeable Magnesiumc	220	190
Exchangeable Sodiumc	90	180
Available Sulphurc	240	230
DTPA  Ironc	200	240
DTPA  Manganesec	220	260
DTPA Copperc	5.0	8.0
DTPA Zincc	50	65

Plot-1: Untreated Soil; Plot-2: Spentwash treated Soil

Units: a- %; b- µS; c-ppm

 

The top vegetables selected for present investigation were Brinzal (Solanum melongena), Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea, var, botrytis), Cluster beans (Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba), Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Giant chillies (Capsicum annum var. grossa), Knol-Khol (Brassica oleracea, var. caulorapa) and Ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculents). The seeds were sowed and irrigated with raw water (RW) and 33% spentwash in both plots at the dosage of twice a week and rest of the period with raw water. At the maturity time, vegetables were harvested and proximate principles, vitamins, minerals and trace elements were analyzed (Tables: 4 - 10).

 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Chemical composition of PTSW and 33% spentwash such as pH, electrical conductivity, total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), settelable solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), carbonates, bicarbonates, total phosphorous (P), total potassium (K), ammonical nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulphur (S), sodium (Na), chlorides (Cl), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) were analyzed and tabulated (Table-1). Amount of N, P, K and S contents are presented in Table-2.

 

Table 4.Nutritive values of Brinzal (Solanum melongena) in plot-1 and2

Parameters	Plot-1		Plot-2
	RW	33%PTSW	RW	33%PTSW
Moisturea	93.0	93.0	93.2	93.5
Fata	0.28	0.32	0.4	0.48
Acid insoluble Asha	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.03
Proteina	1.4	1.6	1.4	1.9
Fibrea	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.8
Carbohydratea	3.9	4.0	4.6	5.2
Energyb	24.0	25.0	25.6	26.4
Calciumc	17.9	18.0	18.4	19.6
Magnesiumc	15.1	15.2	15.8	16.2
Sodiumc	20.2	20.9, 20.95	20.9	30.1
Potassiumc	198.0	205.0	200.4	210.4
Ironc	0.38	0.38	0.42	0.48
Phosphorousc	47.0	48.0	48.5	49.6
Zincc	0.21	0.22	0.39	0.42
Manganesec	0.13	0.13	0.14	0.15
Copperc	0.11	0.14	0.23	0.34
Chloridesc	53.0	55.1	54.4	55.8
Leadc	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil
Cadmiumc	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil
Chromiumc	0.006	0.007	0.0065	0.0073
Nickelc	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil
Sulfurc	45.0	46.0	45.5	46.6
Carotened	73.8	75.0	74.2	75.8
Vitamin Cc	12.2	13.0	12.8	13.9

a-g; b-k cal; c-mg; d-µg; RW-Raw water, PTSW-Primary treated Spentwash, Plot-1: Untreated soil; Plot-2: Spentwash treated soil

 

 

Table 5.Nutritive values of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea, var, botrytis) in plot-1 and2

Parameters	Plot-1		Plot-2
	RW	33%PTSW	RW	33%PTSW
Moisturea	91.2	91.8	91.9	92.0
Fata	0.39	0.5	0.5	0.6
Acid insoluble Asha	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.02
Proteina	2.6	2.8	2.7	2.85
Fibrea	1.2	1.4	1.3	1.4
Carbohydratea	3.8	4.1	4.0	4.3
Energyb	30.0	32.0	31.5	33.1
Calciumc	32.9	35.0	34.0	37.0
Magnesiumc	18.0	20.0	21.0	24.0
Sodiumc	60.0	65.0	63.0	65.2
Potassiumc	138.0	140.0	141.0	145.0
Ironc	1.19	1.3	1.25	1.35
Phosphorousc	57.0	60.0	59.0	65.0
Zincc	0.40	0.42	0.41	0.45
Manganesec	0.09	0.1	0.1	0.11
Copperc	0.14	0.15	0.15	0.16
Chloridesc	35.0	37.0	36.0	37.2
Leadc	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil
Cadmiumc	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil
Chromiumc	0.003	0.004	0.004	0.004
Nickelc	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil
Sulfurc	232.0	240.0	238.0	245.0
Carotened	31.0	35.0	34.0	38.0
Vitamin Cc	50.0	58.0	57.0	60.0

a-g; b-k cal; c-mg; d-µg; RW-Raw water, PTSW-Primary treated Spentwash, Plot-1: Untreated soil; Plot-2: Spentwash treated soil

Table 6.Nutritive values of Cluster beans (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) in plot-1 and2

Parameters	Plot-1			Plot-2
	RW	33%PTSW	RW		33%PTSW
Moisturea	83.0	84.0	84.0		84.0
Fata	0.38	0.42	0.40		0.43
Acid insoluble Asha	0.04	0.04	0.04		0.04
Proteina	3.2	3.6	3.5		3.6
Fibrea	3.6	3.8	3.87		3.85
Carbohydratea	10.8	11.0	11.0		11.5
Energyb	16.2	17.4	17.2		17.5
Calciumc	129.18	131.0	133.0		136.0
Magnesiumc	47.0	48.4	48.2		49.0
Sodiumc	10.0	12.0	11.5		12.0
Potassiumc	8.0	10.0	9.5		14.0
Ironc	1.0	1.1	1.1		1.5
Phosphorousc	56.5	58.0	57.0		60.4
Zincc	0.38	0.40	0.40		0.42
Manganesec	0.1	0.3	0.25		0.4
Copperc	0.07	0.08	0.08		0.10
Chloridesc	4.0	5.0	4.5		5.0
Leadc	Nil	Nil	Nil		Nil
Cadmiumc	Nil	Nil	Nil		Nil
Chromiumc	0.004	0.005	0.005		0.005
Nickelc	Nil	Nil	Nil		Nil
Sulfurc	8.0	10.0	9.5		14.0
Carotened	197.0	200.0	220.0		250.0
Vitamin Cc	49.8	50.0	50.0		50.2

a-g; b-k cal; c-mg; d-µg; RW-Raw water, PTSW-Primary treated Spentwash, Plot-1: Untreated soil; Plot-2: Spentwash treated soil

 

Table 7. Nutritive values of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) in plot-1 and 2

Parameters	Plot-1			Plot-2
	RW	33%PTSW	RW		33%PTSW
Moisturea	96.9	96.8	96.8		97.0
Fata	0.09	0.1	0.1		0.15
Acid insoluble Asha	0.11	0.10	0.10		0.10
Proteina	0.40	0.41	0.41		0.48
Fibrea	0.39	0.40	0.42		0.48
Carbohydratea	2.4	2.5	2.6		2.8
Energyb	13.0	14.2	15.2		16.4
Calciumc	10.0	10.4	10.6		10.8
Magnesiumc	16.0	16.9	17.0		18.0
Sodiumc	10.0	10.8	11.0		12.0
Potassiumc	52.0	54.0	55.0		56.0
Ironc	0.39	0.62	0.52		0.64
Phosphorousc	25.2	26.0	27.0		28.2
Zincc	0.20	0.46	0.49		0.58
Manganesec	0.15	0.159	0.16		0.165
Copperc	0.09	0.1	0.1		0.1
Chloridesc	14.9	15.0	15.0		15.0
Leadc	Nil	Nil	Nil		Nil
Cadmiumc	Nil	Nil	Nil		Nil
Chromiumc	0.002	0.003	0.003		0.003
Nickelc	Nil	Nil	Nil		Nil
Sulfurc	17.0	17.2	17.6		17.9
Carotened	Nil	Nil	Nil		Nil
Vitamin Cc	6.8	7.2	7.4		7.8

a-g; b-k cal; c-mg; d-µg; RW-Raw water, PTSW-Primary treated Spentwash, Plot-1: Untreated soil; Plot-2: Spentwash treated soil

Table 8.Nutritive values of Giant chillies (Capsicum annum var. grossa) in plot-1 and2

Parameters	Plot-1		Plot-2
	RW	33%PTSW	RW	33% PTSW
Moisturea	93.0	93.5	93.5	93.5
Fata	0.3	0.35	0.37	0.39
Acid insoluble Asha	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03
Proteina	1.25	1.3	1.3	1.6
Fibrea	1.1	1.3	1.2	1.4
Carbohydratea	4.25	4.41	4.30	4.42
Energyb	23.9	25.2	24.2	26.3
Calciumc	9.8	10.3	10.1	10.4
Magnesiumc	12.2	12.5	12.3	12.6
Sodiumc	2.0	2.0	2.2	2.4
Potassiumc	1.0	1.2	1.3	1.6
Ironc	0.49	0.6	0.55	0.62
Phosphorousc	30.0	32.0	31.0	35.0
Zincc	0.12	0.14	0.13	0.15
Manganesec	0.06	0.07	0.07	0.07
Copperc	0.13	0.14	0.14	0.14
Chloridesc	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
Leadc	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil
Cadmiumc	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil
Chromiumc	0.005	0.006	0.006	0.006
Nickelc	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil
Sulfurc	1.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
Carotened	428.0	432.0	438.0	444.0
Vitamin Cc	136.8	137.2	139.2	142.1

a-g; b-k cal; c-mg; d-µg; RW-Raw water,

PTSW-Primary treated Spentwash,

Plot-1: Untreated soil; Plot-2: Spentwash treated soil

 

 

Table 9.Nutritive values of Knol-Khol (Brassica oleracea, var. caulorapa) in plot-1and2

Parameters	Plot-1			Plot-2
	RW	33%PTSW	RW		33%PTSW
Moisturea	92.8	93.0	93.0		92.9
Fata	0.20	0.23	0.22		0.24
Acid insoluble Asha	0.1	0.1	0.1		0.1
Proteina	0.9	1.1	1.2		1.28
Fibrea	1.48	1.52	1.50		1.53
Carbohydratea	3.78	3.82	3.9		4.1
Energyb	20.9	21.2	21.0		23.4
Calciumc	19.2	20.0	20.0		22.0
Magnesiumc	33.0	35.0	34.0		36.0
Sodiumc	112.4	113.0	113.0		115.2
Potassiumc	35.0	38.0	39.0		44.2
Ironc	1.5	1.6	1.6		1.61
Phosphorousc	35.2	35.8	35.4		36.9
Zincc	0.25	0.28	0.27		0.28
Manganesec	0.09	0.12	0.12		0.12
Copperc	0.53	0.06	0.06		0.06
Chloridesc	66.6	68.0	67.0		70.2
Leadc	Nil	Nil	Nil		Nil
Cadmiumc	Nil	Nil	Nil		Nil
Chromiumc	0.009	0.018	0.018		0.019
Nickelc	Nil	Nil	Nil		Nil
Sulfurc	142.5	144.0	145.0		154.1
Carotened	20.8	24.0	24.0		25.0
Vitamin Cc	83.9	86.2	87.2		89.9

a-g; b-k cal; c-mg; d-µg; RW-Raw water

PTSW-Primary treated Spentwash

Plot-1: Untreated soil; Plot-2: Spentwash treated soil

 

Table 10. Nutritive values of Ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculents) in plot-1 and2

Parameters	Plot-1		Plot-2
	RW	33%PTSW	RW	33% PTSW
Fata	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.36
Acid insoluble Asha	0.13	0.14	0.14	0.14
Proteina	1.85	1.92	1.96	2.0
Fibrea	1.1	1.25	1.25	1.3
Carbohydratea	6.5	6.6	6.8	7.42
Energyb	35.4	36.4	37.4	38.4
Calciumc	65.7	66.2	66.2	68.6
Magnesiumc	52.0	53.4	54.4	58.4
Sodiumc	6.9	7.1	7.1	7.6
Potassiumc	110	115	119	120
Ironc	0.32	0.36	0.46	0.62
Phosphorousc	56.0	56.5	57.5	58.0
Zincc	0.40	0.44	0.44	0.45
Manganesec	0.16	0.17	0.19	1.20
Copperc	0.10	0.13	0.13	0.14
Chloridesc	40.0	42.1	42.8	42.9
Leadc	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil
Cadmiumc	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil
Chromiumc	0.005	0.006	0.006	0.006
Nickelc	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil
Sulfurc	40.0	41.2	41.8	42.0
Carotened	58.0	61.9	62.9	64.0
Vitamin Cc	13.0	13.2	13.8	14.1

a-g; b-k cal; c-mg; d-µg; RW-Raw water

PTSW-Primary treated Spentwash

Plot-1: Untreated soil; Plot-2: Spentwash treated soil

 

Characteristics of experimental soils such as pH, electrical conductivity, the amount of organic carbon, available nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S) exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), DTPA iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were analyzed(Manivasakam, 1987:Subbaiah and Asija, 1956: Piper, 1966: Walkeley and Black,1934: Jackson, 1973: Black, 1965: Lindsay and Norvel, 1978) and tabulated (Table-3).

 

Uptakes of all the parameters were very good in 33% spentwash as compared to raw water in both fields (plots1 and 2) for all top vegetables. However considerable uptake of the nutrients very high in plot-2 than plot-1 in all types of irrigations and there was no negative impact of spentwash on the nutrients. Cultivation of vegetables was repeated for three times in each case, all parameters were determined and average values were recorded (Tables: 4-10).

 

CONCLUSION:

It was noticed that the nutrients uptake in all the varieties was largely influenced in case of 33% diluted spentwash irrigation than with raw water in spentwash treated than untreated soil. This concludes that, the treated soil is enriched with the plant nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous. It further concludes that, the subsequent use of diluted spent wash for irrigation enriches the soil fertility and hence the diluted spentwash (33%) is effective eco-friendly irrigation medium for cultivation of top vegetables without any adverse effect.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors are thankful to The Management of Chamundi Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Maliyur, T.N.Pur Tq, Mysore Dt, India, for providing the facilities.

 

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Received on 22.07.2010        Modified on 02.08.2010

Accepted on 11.08.2010        © AJRC All right reserved