INTRODUCTION:

Occurrence, Botanical Description and Ethno pharmacology:

The Vernacular names of Hordeum vulgare Linn. in English is barley, Hindi- Jav, Bengali- Jau, Gujarati- Cheno, Kannad-Yava, Malayalam - Javegambu, Marathi -Yava, Punjabi- Javo, Tamil-Barley, Telgu- Barlibiyam, Arabic-Shaair, Persian- Jav, and Urdu-Jau.^[1-3]. Barley (Hordeum vulgare Linn.) belongs to the grass family, Poaceae (Gramineae) is the fourth most important cereal crop after wheat, maize and rice and is among the top ten crop plants in the world^[4]. It is widely known for its nutritional values and contains a large proportion of starch which is used primarily as an energy source. Protein content ranges from 7.5 to 17% on a dry basis with 75% of that protein being digestible^[5].

It has superior nutritional qualities due to presence of beta-glucan (an anticholesterol substance), acetylcholine (a substance which nourishes our nervous system and recovers memory loss, easy digestibility (due to low gluten contents) and high lysine, thiamin and riboflavin^[6]. It is classified as spring or winter types, two-rowed or six-rowed, hulled or hulless by presence or absence of hull tightly adhering to the grain and malting or feed by end-use type^[7]. Many studies revealed that eating barley, lead to the protection against atherosclerosis, ischemic, stroke, diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity and cancer^[8-10].

Hordeum vulgare Linn. is cultivated in the plains as well as in the hilly regions of Himalayas, up to an altitude of 4000 m, in Indo-Gangetic area and Madhya Pradesh. The chief producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Maharashtra^[1]. Plants are annual erect, 50-100 cm tall, smooth, glabrous with flaccid, linear leaves; leaf sheath are glabrous, auricles present, ligules 1-2 mm, membranous, spike hexastichous, dense, rachis flexible, spikelets all sessile, arranged in threes on two sides of the rachis, all fertile or lateral one barren and similar; glumes linear lanceolate at base, puberulent^[11]. Fruit a caryopsis, elliptic, oblong, ovoid-and tapering at both ends, smooth, about 1 cm long and 0.2-0.3 cm wide, dorsally compressed and flattened on the sides with a shallow longitudinal furrow, 3-5 ridges having shallow depression between them, grains tightly enclosed and adhering the lemma and palea, pale-greenish-yellow, odour, not distinct, taste, sweetish-acrid^[2].

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:

Barley contains carbohydrates (77.7 g/100g , sugars (0.8 g/100g) , dietary fiber (15.6 g/100g), fat (1.2 g/100g) , protein (9.9 g/100g)^[12], arginine (6.0–22.0 %), histidine (2.2–4.3%), lysine (0.8–7.9%), tyrosine (1.5–2.7%), tryptophan (0.6–1.3%), phenylalanine (2.1–3.6%), cystine (0.9–2.6%), methionine (0.8–1.4%), threonine (1.9–3.4%), leucine (4.5–5.8%), isoleucine (2.2–4.1%), valine (3.5–5.8%), glycine (1.7–10.7%) [42-43,46], arabinogalacto (4-0-methylglucurono)-xylan, cyanogenic glucoside, 6"- sinapolysaponarin, 6"-feruloyl-saponarin and 4'-glucosyl-6"-sinapolysaponarin, 2"-0- glycosylisovitexin^[1], isoorientin-7-O-glucoside (lutonarin), isovitexin-7-O-rutinoside, isoscoparin-7-O-gluco-side^[13], gramine (N,Ndimethylindolemethyl-amine)^[14-16], hordenine (N,N-dimethyl-triamine)^[16-19], caffeic acid^[20-21], chlorogenic acid ^[22-23], m-coumaric acid^[21], o-coumaric acid^[20-21], p-coumaric acid^[21,24-28], coumarins, ferulic acid,^{[25,26,27,29-30]}, hydroxycinnamic acid^[21], p-hydroxybenzoic acid ^[20,24,27], 5-hydroxyferulic acid^[26], protocatechuic acid^[25,28], salicylic acid^[25], sinapic acid^[26], syringic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, vanillic acid^{[20,24,25,27]}, apiginen, saponarin^[30], cyanadin^[31], isovitexin^[32], heterodendrin^[33], epiheterodendrin^[33-35], epidermin, sutherlandin^[34-35], osmaronin, dihydroosmaronin, 3-ß-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3-methyl butyronitrile, 1-cyano-3-ß-D-glucopyranosyloxy-2-methyl-propene,4-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylbutyronitrile^[35], hordatine A & B^[36], putresceine^[37], spermidine^[37,38], spermine, p-coumaroylagmatine, 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3- one [39-40], 2-β-D-glucopyra nosyloxy-3-methyl-(2R), butyronitrile, ubiquinones, proanthocyanidins, procyanidin B₃, trimer of procyanidin C₂, prodelphinidin, chrysoeriol, hordeurnin, pangamic acid^[1], catechin^[44], gluco-cerebroside (23 mol%), phospholipid (42 mol%), consisting mainly of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, free sterols (28 mol%), campesterol (15%), stigmasterol (23%), sitosterol (62%),saturated fatty acids viz, palmitic (16:0), linoleic (18:2), and linolenic (18:3) acids^[45], catalase, cellobiase, diastase, lichenase, mannase, mannobiase, oxidase, peroxidase, and phytase with active proteolytic enzymes, 2-β-d-glucopyranosyl-oxy-3-methyl-(2R )-butyronitrile,^[47], tocophenols, tocotrienols^[48], 4-O-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl units and 3-O-glucopyranosyl units^[49-50], pyrrolidine, luteolin glycoside, flavones glycosides-orientoside and orientin, cynoglucosides-3-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3-methybutyroe-1, cyano-3-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy-2 methylpropene, 4-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-butyronitrile^[1], gluten, β-glucan, lunasin , 6 C-glycosyl-flavones, and 18 O-glycosyl-C-glycosyl flavones^[13], 1,3-dihydroxy-5-n-heneicosyl-benzene or 1,3-dihydroxy-5-n-pentacosylbenzene^[51].

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES:

Hepatoprotective activity:

Methanolic extract of Hordeum vulgare seeds showed the hepatoprotective activity against ethanol-induced liver damage^[41] and acetaminophen-induced liver damage in rats^[52].

Anti-ulcerative activity:

Histopathological examination of the animals treated with barley showed low lesion in stomach compared to ulcerated animals. The highly potential effect of this plant against ulcer in rats recommends the use of barley grains seeds as potentially protective natural compound as a treatment against ulcer^[10].

Antioxidant activity:

The antioxidant activity of 100% and 80% methanolic extract of seed of three barley varieties like Jou 83, Jou 87 and Haider 93 have been measured by stabilizing sunflower oil with barley seed extract at a concentration of 600 ppm (oil weight basis) and the 80% methanol extract of seeds showed better antioxidant action than the 100% methanol extract. It indicated that antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of barely seeds can be used to protect vegetable oils from oxidation^[53].The malt extract showed high antioxidant activities both in vitro and in vivo by its ability to scavenge hydroxyl and superoxide-radicals, high reducing power, and protection against biological macromolecular oxidative damage, the extract also prevented the decrease of antioxidant enzyme activities, decreased liver and brain malondialodehyde levels and carbonyl content, and improved total antioxidant capability in D-galactose-treated mice which indicated the effective antioxidant activities and antiageing effect of malt as an antioxidant for diseases caused by reactive oxygen species^[54]. Antioxidant effects of water extracts of roasted barley (WERB) and unroasted barley (WEUB) have been comparing under different roasting temperatures. Both the extracts showed significant antioxidant activities in linoleic acid and liposome model systems and also possess considerable protection against the damage of deoxyribose and proteins. The antioxidant efficiency of roasted samples found weaker than that of unroasted samples because of the reduction of antioxidant components (catechin, tocopherol, and lutein) with increasing roasting temperature. Unroasted samples were more effective in reducing power, quenching free radical, hydroxyl radical, and chelating iron than the roasted samples^[55].Barley grass is a powerful antioxidant that kills cancer cells, and overcome a variety of ailments, including acne and ulcers. According to Allan L. Goldstein, an antioxidant called alpha-tocopherol succinate -a potent relative of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) may be responsible for inhibit several types of cancer, including leukemia, brain tumors, and prostate cancer^[56]. Microwave oven roasting condition of barley have been optimized to obtain grains with high antioxidant activity measured as the ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The optimum condition for obtaining roasted barley with high antioxidant activity (90.5% DPPH inhibition) was found to be at 600 W microwave powers, 8.5 min roasting time, and 61.5 g or 2 layers of grains. The roasting condition influenced antioxidant activity both individually and interactively. The acetone extract had significantly high inhibition of lipid per oxidation and DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to the aqueous extract and alpha-tocopherol. The reducing power of acetone extracts was not significantly different from alpha-tocopherol. The acetone extract had twice the amount of phenol content compared to the aqueous extract indicating its high extraction efficiency. The aqueous extract did not contain 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid which are phenol compounds reported to contribute to antioxidant activity in barley grain.^[57].

Barley and their corresponding malts extracts contained antioxidants such as carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) and tocopherols (α, δ and γ) beside polyphenols, whose antioxidant activity was measured by various methods. All have high antioxidative properties and tocopherols were found best antioxidants^[58]. Markéta Dvorakova et.al have developed the method to analyze the antioxidant activity of the hot water (45°C) extracts of ten barley varieties and their corresponding malts. The ferric reducing antioxidant power and radical scavenging activity, 2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) Diammonium) (ABTS), ranged from 0.23-0.45 mg GAE/g_dw for malt and 0.12-0.25 mg GAE/g_dw for barley. The hull-less malt KM 1910 was the variety with the best antioxidant properties, whereas the highest antioxidant capacity for barley was detected for the variety Merlin. Total polyphenol content ranged from 0.6-2.9 mg GAE/g_dw and correlated positively with all the antioxidant methods used (p< 0.01). The major phenolic compound was ferulic acid and its content ranged from 12.5–21.9 and 7.8–56.1 μg/g_dw for barley and malt, respectively. The content of catechin ranged from 11.0–17.0 μg/g_dw in barley and 0.9–12.1 μg/g_dw in malt^[59].

Anti-proliferative activity:

Aqueous methanolic extracts of kernels from six different barley cultivars, namely, Falcon, AC Metcalfe, Tyto, Tercel, Phoenix, and Peregrine, were examined for anti-proliferative activities using Caco-2 colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line. The proliferation of Caco-2 colon cancer cells was significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion in the presence of all barley extracts tested at the end of the day 4 of incubation, barley extracts rendered 29.3-51.2 and 9.3-15.9% inhibition of cell proliferation at 0.5 and 0.05 mg/ml, respectively^[60].

Anti-diabetic effect:

Ethanolic extract of Hordeum vulgare seeds demonstrate significant protective effect against diabetic nephropathy and antioxidant activity in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats, which confirmed the folkloric utilization^[61].

Antidepressant:

Young green barley leaf exhibit a hypolipidemic^{[22, 23]} and anti-ulcer effects^[62], via its antioxidative action. Recent studies have indicated that antioxidants such as, α-tocopherol ascorbic acid have an antidepressant-like effect.^[^63]

Anti-urolithic potential:

Ethanolic extract of seed have been investigated for anti-urolithic activity in an animal model of urolithiasis. The study demonstrated the anti-urolithic activity of seeds and rationalizes their medicinal use for the treatment of urolithiasis^[61].

Antifungal activity:

The extraction of proteins with antifungal activity from the intercellular washing fluid of barley leaves indicated their possible role in defense against leaf pathogens^[64].

Hypoglycemic effect:

The study carried out to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of barley and its components such as amino acids (L-leucine and L-glutamine) and chromium picolinate on some biochemical and immunological parameters of alloxan induced diabetic rats showed that barley, amino acids and chromium picolinate exerted antihyperglycemic effects and consequently may alleviate liver damage caused by alloxan-induced diabetes^[65]. Barley also possesses Hypocholesterolemic, antiprotozoal, antiviral, diuretic, antimutagenic activities^[1].

AYURVEDIC USES AND PROPERTIES:

Rasa of Hordeum vulgare are kashaya and madhura; Guna are ruksha, guru, pichchhilu, and mridu; Veerya is sheeta; Vipaka is katu; Doshaghnata is vaphapittashamaka. Rogaghnata properties of Hordeum vulgare are Daha, Kshatakshina, Timira, Kantharoga, Charma roga, Visarpa, Pinasa, Shwasa, Kasa, Vatarakta, Urustarnbha, Raktavikara, Pandu, Trisha, Ajeerna, Gulma, Shoola, Atisara, Agnimandya, Chhardi, Mootrakrichchhra, Prameha, Jwara, Shleepada, Vrana, Stanyadosha, and Medoroga. The Karma of Hordeum vulgare Linn. are Vatakrit, Medahara, Medhya, Agnivardhaka, Lekhana, Balya, Vrishya, Svarya, Vamya, Sthairyakara, Pureeshakrit^[1,2].

Important Ayurvedic Formulations and Preparations:

The Important Ayurvedic formulations and preparations of Hordeum vulgare Linn. are Agastyaharitaki rasayana, Eladya modaka, Dadhika ghrita, Dhanvantara ghrita, Gandharvahasta taila, Dhanvantara taila, Brihatmasha taila, Sarsapadi pralepa, Kayasthadya varti, Yavapatola kvatha, Ratnakara rasa, Yavadya ghrita^{[1, 2]}.

TRADITIONAL AND FOLK MEDICINAL USES

Different parts of Hordeum vulgare are used as traditional and folk medicines. Hot water extracts of fruit and dried seeds, are taken by females as a contraceptive and hot water extract of dried whole plant for ancyclostomiasis, beriberi, cough, influenza, dysentery, jaundice in South Korea. Decoction of dried seeds is used orally for bladder inflammation, diarrhea, enema, gout, hepatitis, externally as an emollient and applied on infected ulcers hemorrhoids and infected ulcers in Iran and applied to the nose to reduce the internasal inflammation in Iran. Decoction of the fruit is taken orally for common cold in Turkey. Hot water extract of dried seeds is also used externally for dermatitis and erysipelas in Guatemala. Decoction of the dried fruit is taken orally for diabetes in China and for diarrhea in Argentina. Infusion of the dried seeds is used as a galactogogue in Italy^[66]. Decoction of Hordeum vulgare seeds with apples, dried figs and pears is used as anti-cough^[67]. Seeds of Hordeum vulgare 125 gram are roasted and mixed with each of 50 gm of Cicer arietinum and Elettaria cardamomum and used at half teaspoon with water thrice a day to control blood glucose level^[68].

Hordeum vulgare is used for lowering blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol and applied to the skin for treating boils, also used in diarrhea, stomach pain and inflammatory bowel conditions^[69]. Leaf juice is useful for cataract.^[70]. Hordeum vulgare is useful in fever and all inflammatory conditions on account of its soothing properties^[71]. Barley flour can be used externally for gout and rheumatism by putting on joints like a plaster^[72]. Dry seed powdered mixed with water and sugar is taken orally thrice a day for a month for the treatment of jaundice and hepatitis^[42]. According to Hartwell, barley is used in folk remedies for stomach and uterus cancer and abdomen tumors. The seed are used for cancer of the uterus, inflammatory and sclerotic tumors and gatherings, and parotid gland tumors. The seed flour is used for condylomata of the anus, tumors behind the ears, scirrhus of the testicles and spleen, and whitlows. Cataplasms derived from the seed are believed to help breast cancers^[73]. Barley is a folk remedy for bronchitis, burns, cancer, catarrh, chest, chilblains, cholecystosis, cholera, cough, debility, diarrhea, dyspepsia, fever, inflammation, measles, phthisis, puerperium, sores, and urogenital ailments^[74].

CONCLUSION:

The scientific research on Hordeum vulgare Linn. suggests a huge biological potential of this plant. It is strongly believed that detailed information as presented in this review on the phytochemical and various biological functions of the extracts might provide detailed evidence for the use of this plant in different medicines. Recent years, ethno-botanical and traditional uses of natural compounds, especially of plant origin received much attention as they are well tested for their efficacy and generally believed to be safe for human use. It is best classical approach in the search of new molecules for management of various diseases. Thorough screening of literature available on Hordeum vulgare Linn depicted the fact that it is a popular remedy among the various ethnic groups, Ayurvedic and traditional practitioners for treatment of ailments. Researchers are exploring the therapeutic potential of this plant as it has more therapeutic properties which are not known.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors are very grateful to Director General, CCRAS, New Delhi for providing facilities and encouragement for carrying out this review work.

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Received on 20.10.2012 Modified on 24.10.2012

Asian J. Research Chem. 5(10): October, 2012; Page 1303-1308

Antidepressant:

Young green barley leaf exhibit a hypolipidemic[22, 23] and anti-ulcer effects[62], via its antioxidative action. Recent studies have indicated that antioxidants such as, α-tocopherol ascorbic acid have an antidepressant-like effect.[63]

Anti-urolithic potential:

Young green barley leaf exhibit a hypolipidemic^{[22, 23]} and anti-ulcer effects^[62], via its antioxidative action. Recent studies have indicated that antioxidants such as, α-tocopherol ascorbic acid have an antidepressant-like effect.^[^63]