Pre and post Dryness evaluation of Hanna Lake water quality of Quetta.

 

Muhammad Aziz ¹*, Ziviqar Sh² and Saima Jadoon³.

¹Department of Chemistry University of Balochistan, Quetta Pakistan (P.C-87300).

² PCRWR, Quetta.

³ University of Kurdistan, Hewler, Iraq.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: aziz1sh@hotmail.com

To evaluate the water composition of the lake. Total 20 samples of water were collected for analysis of different salts from the lake and 10 samples were once again collected after laps of two years from the previous selected points to show the difference in result. We also monitor the two years precipitation, Sun shine hour, average temperature and bacterial composition to support result.

From this investigating we come to know following results.

i.    Coloiform bacteria in all 20 samples were greater than 240 /100 ml.

ii.   The concentration of Alkalinity 2.18 m.mol/l Sulfate 37.5, Potassium1.56 and Calcium 48.1 of lake water increase ppm within two years.

iii.    While the concentration of Chloride 37.2, sodium 7.5, Magnesium 33.6, Bicarbonate 81.4 ppm are decreases with the passage of time.

iv.    The mean Precipitation rate in 2010, 2011and 2012 is 191.4, 409.2 and 275.4 mm respectively.

v.     The mean average temperature is -5° C minimum during winter season and 36° C maximum during summer.

vi.  The mean sun shine rate also fluctuate with months of years during winter the sun shine rate become low 6hours per day but during summer the sunshine rate at its peak at 11hours per day.

The lake water is unfit for drinking purpose due to higher concentration of coliform.

 

 

1. INTRODUCTION

This paper describes the post and pre effects of dryness on Hanna Lake water quality. Which was dry during the period 2000 – 2010 but in 2010 the lake re-filled with water. Author assume that Hanna lake is Unique lake in the south Asia which dry and re-filed and its geographical location i.e Quetta city make it unique study due to less precipitation rate, dry Climate city (16) and many other factor make this study different . Shallow Hanna lake is located almost 13 km away from the Quetta city at the 30°15′N 67°06′E coordinates [fig 5], this lake was developed during the  British Empire era to save water. The turquoise water color of the lake is eye catching in nature and the surrounding brown color mountains puts cherry on the cake [fig 5, Img 3].  Lake is one of the most visited and accessible areas in the west of Quetta city. Hanna Lake is surrounded by mountains therefore it is difficult for air carrying particles to come into direct contact with water and become a part of lake surface water, Persistent dry winds blow in the area throughout the year, which become stronger and persistent in winter.

 

Wind blows from North and North-west to South and South-east. Quetta city is rich air polluted city (4). To understand the effect first we conducted a study in June 2010 when Hanna Lake was near to be re-filled with rain water which decreases the chances of air particles becoming a part of the lake because lake is surrounded by mountains. After more than two years in November 2012 we once again estimated the water contents of lake to show the differences and effect of pollution on surface water.

 

We also obtained the Average Annual Temperatures, Average Annual Sun shine and two years rain fall data to supplement our already existing data as mentioned in fig 2,3 and 4 respectively.

 

Significance of Hanna lake for the economy of agriculturists of Urak and Hanna area is apparent because of the dependence of water from the lake .Due to falling water levels below the surface of the earth it is difficult to take out water especially when Pakistan is facing shortage of electricity and because of the prevalent energy crisis the economic value of water has considerably increased its value but we cannot deny the fact that it is used by animals for drinking purposes. Therefore if the natural water composition is altered by any means it also indirectly modifies the structure and chemical composition of organisms. If we cultivate any crops with unfavorable water than contents become the part of the plant body or also modifies its nature.

 

The temperature and weather plays a key role in the water quantity present in the lake. As we know Hanna Lake is an artificial lake so in summer the deposited water evaporates more quickly as compared to winter. In winter the rain and snow increases the quantity of water. This weather effect will alter the water composition and we called it water pollution so Water pollution is any chemical, biological, or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms. The main environmental health problem arise from high level of coliforms bacterias in water supplies even in deep water of Quetta(13).The soil and climate of the area is best described by Baig et al. and  Hussain (14,15).  Water quality monitoring has one of the highest priorities in environmental protection policy (7).The degree of pollution on surface of lake water is determined by below mentioned parameters.

 

2. EXPERIMENTS

2.1. Sample collection method.

Grab Water sample collected from selected location of lake (as shown in image 2, Red dot represent a point of sample collection) in ordinarily stoppered Winchester quartz clean bottles of 2.5 liter capacity.

 

2.2. Statistical analysis.

Data obtained from above mentioned parameter was subjected to statistical analysis through Statistical package for the social sciences (PC software S.P.S.S Version 14).

 

2.3. Alkalinity.

Reagents use i.Methyl orange indicator ,ii.0.02N sulphuric acid solution

Method.5ml lake water sample was taken in the titration flask and add 2- 3 drops of methyl orange in it. know titrate it again 0.02 N sulphuric acid at the end point colour of solution change from yellow to light pink (11).

 

Calculation

Total alkalinity = ml of sulpuric acid  x 100

                              ml of sample

 

2.4. Bicarbonate.

Reagents use i. Mixed indicator (Bromocresol green + Methyl Red) ,ii .0.02 N HCl

Method.10 ml of the lake water in the titration flask and add 1- drops of mixed indicator in it. Know titrate it again 0.02N Hcl until colour change from Bluish green to pink.

 

2.5. Calcium.

Reagents use .i.Sodium hydroxide 1 M ml of EDTA titrant,ii.Murexide indicator, iii.strandard EDTA titrant 0.01 M

Method.10 ml of lake water and add 10 ml deionized water to it. after this add half ml of sodium hydroxide solution till obtain a pH of 12 -13 know shake it.Know add 0.1-0.2 gm of the Murexide as a indicator to it after this add slowly EDTA titrant ,where continuously stirring ,until proper end point is reached.

Calculation

Concentration of Ca (mg/l)= Ax B x 400.8

                                                           C

Where A = ml of EDTA titrant used for titration of sample.

            B = ml of standard calcium solution

                   ml of EDTA titrant

            C= ml of sample.

 

2.6. Sodium. Flame photometric method.

2.7. Magnesium. Flame photometric method. 

2.8. Potassium .Flame photometric method.

2.9. Chloride.

Reagent use. i. Silver nitrate solution 0.0141 N

ii Potassium chromate indicator

Method.20 ml of lake water was taken in a conical flask add few drops of potassium chromate indicator to it .know titrate it again sliver nitrate (titrant) till pinkish yellow end point .100 ppm of sodium chloride is used to confirm accuracy.(12)

 

Calculation

Concentration of Cl (mg/l) =(A-B) X N X 35.45 X 1000

                                                            C

Where A and B are the volume of silver nitrate solution required by the sample and blank sample respectively.

               N= normality of sliver nitrate used.

               C = volume of sample in ml.

2.10. Sulfate.

The method used for evaluation of sulfate was the turbiditimetric method. The sulfate ion in the sample react with barium chloride crystals and form insoluble barium sulfate turbidity .The amount of turbidity formed is proportional to the sulfate concentration.UV–Vis spectrophotometer is used for measured.

 

10 ml of deionized water was taken in beaker and add 2ml Sulphate buffer in it and one pinch of barium chloride crystal. The stirred solution vigorous for 1-2 minutes and absorbance of reading was taken after 5 minutes at a wavelength of 420 nm.

 

Calculation.

Concentration of sample = abs. of sample X conc. Of standard /abs. of standard

 

To directly measurement the concentration of Sulfate in a sample, standard solution of 5 -40 mg/l were prepared and a calibration curve contracted by using software “Aspect plus”.

2.11. Bacteriology Contamination analysis

The coliform group (MPN /100 ml) were analysis in the samples according to multiple tube fermentation technique for the examination of water quality results are mentioned in table 3.1 and 3.2.

 

2.12. Measurement of precipitation.

Using cylinder gauge Method .Calculate the rainfall (in mm) by dividing the volume of water collected by the area of the opening of the cup .The instrument is  place in Wali tangi near to Hanna lake at 7210 ft elevation at Latitude 30° 16' 02" North Longitude 67°  11' 22" East.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Table no .1.0 Chemical and inorganic continents in Hanna lake water.(sample analyzing June 2010).

Sample No.	S04 ppm	Cl ppm	K ppm	Na ppm	Mg ppm	Ca  ppm	HCO3 ppm	Alk m.mol/l
1	135	57	2.0	44	29	65	191	3.80
2	136	57	2.2	43	29	64	190	3.81
3	136	57	2.0	43	29	64	190	3.80
4	137	56	2.1	42	30	64	191	3.80
5	136	57	2.0	44	30	63	192	3.81
6	135	56	2.0	43	30	64	191	3.80
7	134	58	2.0	43	29	63	192	3.79
8	135	57	2.1	43	29	64	190	3.79
9	136	57	2.2	42	28	64	190	3.80
10	136	58	2.0	43	28	63	190	3.70
Mean	135.6	57	2.06	43	29.1	63.8	190.7	3.79

*Mean of three reading

** where  SO₄, sulfate Cl =chloride, K =potassium, Na =sodium, Mg = magnesium, Ca = calcium , Hco₃ Bicarbonate Alk=Alkalinity.

 

 

Table no 1.1 Chemical and inorganic continents in Hanna lake water.(sample analyzing Nov 2012).

Sample No.	S04 ppm	Cl ppm	K ppm	Na ppm	Mg ppm	Ca  ppm	HCO3 ppm	Alk m.mol/l
1	99	94	0	51	63	48	270	6.0
2	99	93	0	50	63	50	280	6.0
3	99	93	0	51	63	48	275	5.9
4	98	95	1	51	62	48	276	6.0
5	98	95	1	51	62	48	270	6.0
6	99	95	1	51	62	48	270	6.0
7	94	94	1	50	62	48	270	6.0
8	99	94	1	50	64	48	270	6.0
9	99	94	0	50	63	47	270	5.9
10	98	95	0	50	63	48	270	5.9
Mean	98.2	94.2	0.5	50.5	62.7	48.1	272.1	5.97

*Mean 0f three reading

** where SO₄, sulfate Cl =chloride, K =potassium, Na =sodium, Mg = magnesium, Ca = calcium, Hco₃ Bicarbonate, Alk= Alkalinity.

 

 

Fig 1 Inorganic continents analysis (Mean) of Hanna lake water.

On x- axis conc. in ppm ,Y-axis show the year wise analysis and inorganic continents in Hanna lake water 2010 to 2012.

 

3.1.Paired t-test

Paired t-test is used frequently to compare two observations means. Where you have two samples in which observations in one sample can be paired with observations in the other sample

 

Table no 1.2 show a Paired Samples Statistics.

		Mean	N	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean
Pair 1	S04	135.6000	10	0.84327	0.26667
		98.2000	10	1.54919	0.48990
Pair 2	Cl	57.0000	10	0.66667	0.21082
		94.2000	10	0.78881	0.24944
Pair 3	K	2.0600	10	0.08433	0.02667
		0.5000	10	0.52705	0.16667
Pair 4	Na	43.0000	10	0.66667	0.21082
		50.5000	10	0.52705	0.16667
Pair 5	Mg	29.1000	10	0.73786	0.23333
		62.7000	10	0.67495	0.21344
Pair 6	Ca	63.8000	10	0.63246	0.20000
		48.1000	10	0.73786	0.23333
Pair 7	HCO3	190.7000	10	0.82327	0.26034
		272.1000	10	3.60401	1.13969

SO₄, sulfate   Cl =chloride ,K =potassium, Na =sodium, Mg = magnesium , Ca = calcium , Hco₃ Bicarbonate.

 

Table no 1.3 show Paired Samples Correlations

		Number of observation	Correlation	Sig.
Pair 1	S04	10	0.493	0.147
Pair 2	Cl	10	-0.211	0.558
Pair 3	K	10	-0.250	0.486
Pair 4	Na	10	0.316	0.373
Pair 5	Mg	10	-0.602	0.065
Pair 6	Ca	10	0.048	0.896
Pair 7	HCO3	10	-0.326	0.358

SO₄, sulfate  Cl =chloride, K =potassium, Na =sodium, Mg = magnesium, Ca = calcium, Hco₃ Bicarbonate.

 

3.2.Calculate a confidence interval for the mean difference is useful tool to know within what limits the true difference is likely to lie.

 

Table no 1.4 show Paired Samples Test result for inorganic continents in Hanna lake water. Sample analyzing from2010 to 2012.

Name		Paired Differences					t	df
		Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
					Lower	Upper
Pair 1	S04	37.4000	1.34990	0.42687	36.4343	38.3657	87.613	9
Pair 2	Cl	-37.2000	1.13529	0.35901	-38.0121	-36.3879	-103.618	9
Pair 3	K	1.5600	0.55418	0.17525	1.1636	1.9564	8.902	9
Pair 4	Na	-7.5000	0.70711	0.22361	-8.0058	-6.9942	-33.541	9
Pair 5	Mg	-33.6000	1.26491	0.40000	-34.5049	-32.6951	-84.000	9
Pair 6	Ca	15.7000	0.94868	0.30000	15.0214	16.3786	52.333	9
Pair 7	HCO3	-81.4000	3.94968	1.24900	-84.2254	-78.5746	-65.172	9

SO₄, sulfate   Cl =chloride, K =potassium, Na =sodium, Mg = magnesium, Ca = calcium, Hco₃ Bicarbonate

 

 

3.3.Sulfate.

Sulfate is an abundant ion in the earth crust the light concentration of sulfate may be due to leaching of gypsum ,sodium –sulfate and higher concentration of bacteria contaminants in lake water which reduce the possibility of the bacteria reduction of sulfate to sulfide. However the concentration of sulfate in lake water is acceptable .on the other hand the concentration of sulfate decrease in two years in November 2012 it reached at 98.2 (mean) ppm show in table 1.1

 

3.4. Chloride.

This ion presence in a water due to natural minerals and rocks present near the lake. The chloride in water mostly present with the combination of sodium ,calcium and magnesium .Assessment result show in table 1.1 and 1.2 show that the concentration of chloride is in prescribed limit of W.H.O whereas the concentration of W.H.O for chloride for drinking purpose is 250 mg /L. Thus each sample within the acceptable range. The chloride in 2010 show a correlation with sample of 2012 is -.211 as shown in     table 1.3.

3.5.Potassium.

Potassium is ranking the seventh in order of abundant element it is also an essential micronutrient for human body. The highest permissible limit of potassium in drinking water is 20 mg/l above which is harmful for humans. Potassium also shows a negative correlation -.250 after the laps of two years.

 

3.6. Sodium.

sodium is present in all natural water. Sodium is present in cation form and react with other anion  present to make a combination of NaCl ,NaCa. The concentration of sodium is below the threshold limit of W.H.O. The concentration of sodium in lake water decrease 7.5 ppm within two years as shown in fig 1.It show a positive correlation  when we once again  analysis sample in 2012.

 

3.7.Magnesium. It is a member of alkaline earth metal .Due to its high solubility nature it easily dissolves in water. Study indicated an inverse relationship between water hardness and mortality from cardiovascular disease. That is, people who drink water that is deficient in magnesium and calcium generally appear more susceptible to this disease (18).The concentration of mean Mg is 29.1 in 2010 while it increase in 2012 mentioned in fig 1.

 

3.8.Calcium .calcium becomes a reason to increase the hardness of any water. Daily intake calcium through mineral water s will maintain bone mass in women (19).The concentration of calcium is in define limit of health agency.

 

3.9.Bicarbonate. Bicarbonates are the dominant anions in water. The weathering of rocks contributes to the bicarbonate content in the water Mostly bicarbonates are soluble in water The Bicarbonate in 2010 show a correlation with sample of 2012 is -.326  as shown in table 1.3.the concentration of bicarbonate decrease within two years.

 

3.10.Alkalinity. Generally alkalinity of water is due to the presences of salt of weak acid and strong base salt in it Carbonates ,hydroxide and bicarbonates concentration directly influence the alkalinity of water. Due to current analysis we come to know the Alkalinity 2.18 m.mol/l increase in lake water. 

 

Table no 2.1 Daily Precipitations Measurement Result (mm): 2010

Date	JAN	FEB	MAR	APR	MAY	JUN	JUL	AUG	SEP	OCT	NOV	DEC
1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
2	-	-	-	9.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
3	4.00	-	5.50	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
4	-	-	5.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
5	-	0.60	4.50	-	-	-	-	2.70	-	-	-	-
6	-	0.30	-	-	-	-	3.80	5.50	-	-	-	-
7	-	7.20	-	-	3.80	-	1.10	1.20	-	-	-	-
8	-	42.40	-	-	2.20	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
9	-	4.00	-	-	-	-	14.00	-	-	-	-	-
10	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
11	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
12	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
13	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
14	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
15	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
16	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
17	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
18	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
19	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
20	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
21	-	-	-	1.50	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
22	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
23	-	3.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
24	8.80	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
25	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
26	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
27	0.30	-	-	7.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
28	2.20	-	-	2.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
29	17.80		-	-	-	-	0.50	-	-	1.50	-	-
30	-		-	-	-	-	-	-	-	24.00	-	6.00
31	-		-		-		-	-		-		-
Total	33.10	57.50	15.00	19.50	6.00	0.00	19.40	9.40	0.00	25.50	0.00	6.00

Where (-) indicates no precipitation, Blank space no record.

Total precipitation for 2010 is 191.40 mm

 

Table no 2.2 Daily Precipitation Measurement Result (mm) 2011.

Date	JAN	FEB	MAR	APR	MAY	JUN	JUL	AUG	SEP	OCT	NOV	DEC
1	-	-	32.50	-	-	-	-	-	5.20	-	-	2.40
2	-	-	30.00	-	-	-	-	-	9.50	-	-	0.80
3	-	2.30	3.80	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
4	-	4.70	2.50	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
5	-	7.70	5.50	-	6.80	-	-	-	6.70	-	-	-
6	-	-	2.20	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
7	-	10.50	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	0.30	3.00	-	-
8	-	-	-	7.20	-	-	-	-	6.20	1.70	-	-
9	-	-	-	-	-	-	17.20	-	-	-	-	-
10	-	1.00	-	3.30	-	-	-	-	-	-	2.50	-
11	-	5.80	-	18.00	-	-	-	-	-	1.00	6.70	-
12	-	8.90	-	8.50	-	11.50	-	-	-	-	-	-
13	-	25.80	-	-	-	3.60	-	-	-	-	-	-
14	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	16.00	-	-	-
15	-	-	-	11.50	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
16	-	-	-	12.60	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
17	-	-	-	3.80	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
18	0.80	11.50	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
19	-	4.20	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
20	13.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
21	4.50	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
22	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
23	-	9.50	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
24	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
25	-	4.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
26	-	7.60	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
27	-	-	-	-	-	-	5.00	11.60	-	-	-	-
28	-	9.30	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
29	7.30		-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
30	6.00		-	4.70	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
31	-		-		-		-	-		-		-
Total	31.60	112.80	77.50	69.60	6.80	15.10	22.20	11.60	43.90	5.70	9.20	3.20

Where (-) indicates no precipitation, Blank space no record; Total precipitation for 2011 is 409.20mm.

 

Table no 2. 3  Daily Precipitation Measurement Result (mm)  2012.

Date	JAN	FEB	MAR	APR	MAY	JUN	JUL	AUG	SEP	OCT	NOV
1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
3	-	3.30	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
4	4.70	19.20	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
5	6.80	2.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
6	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
7	-	-	-	-	1.50	-	-	-	8.80	-	-
8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
9	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2.30	-	-
10	-	-	-	6.80	-	-	-	-	2.80	-	-
11	-	0.70	-	-	-	-	-	-	8.20	-	-
12	-	1.30	8.80	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
13	-	10.20	2.30	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
14	3.70	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
15	11.00	-	-	9.50	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
16	3.00	-	-	1.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
17	-	-	-	-	4.00	-	-	-	-	-	-
18	-	6.70	-	9.70	-	-	-	-	-	-	4.50
19	-	-	-	11.20	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
20	-	1.30	-	32.50	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
21	-	11.70	-	13.60	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
22	10.50	-	-	5.50	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
23	16.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
24	4.40	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
25	7.50	-	2.60	-	0.50	-	-	-	-	-	-
26	-	-	0.20	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
27	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
28	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
29	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7.70
30	-		-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
31	7.40		-		-		-	-		-
Total	75.00	56.40	13.90	89.80	6.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	22.10	0.00	12.20

Where (-) indicates no precipitation, Blank space no record; Total precipitation for 2012 is 275.40mm.

 

Fig 2 Year wise precipitations analysis summary of Hanna Area.

 

On x- axis mean conc. in mm, Y-axis show the year wise precipitation analysis in Hanna area 2010 to 2012.

 

Table no 3.1 Bacteriology Contamination analysis June 2010 result.

Sample No.	Coliform Group	Result
1	>240	Positive
2	>240	Positive
3	>240	Positive
4	>240	Positive
5	>240	Positive
6	>240	Positive
7	>240	Positive
8	>240	Positive
9	>240	Positive
10	>240	Positive

 

Table no 3.2 Bacteriology Contamination analysis Nov 2012 result .

Sample No.	Coliform Group	Result
1	>240	Positive
2	>240	Positive
3	>240	Positive
4	>240	Positive
5	>240	Positive
6	>240	Positive
7	>240	Positive
8	>240	Positive
9	>240	Positive
10	>240	Positive

 

 

The data results of table 3.1 and 3.2 shows that the above mentioned water is not in the permissible limit of bacteriology W.H.O therefore it may be highly rick for human health issue.

 

3.11.Temperature

Quetta is situated at an average elevation of 1,680 meters above the sea level (10). On the base of annual temperature measurement Fig 3 show that there is less chance of lake water become evaporates rapidly. The maximum temperature range is 30 – 35 degree centigrade .On high altitude boiling point of water become high.

 

Fig 3 Show summary of Quetta Average Annual Temperatures.

 

On x- axis mean Temperature in centigrade, Y-axis shows the monthly wise analysis of Quetta.(2)

Where, Red Line Represent Maximum Temperature, while blue Line is for minimum Temperature.

 

Fig 4 Show summary of Quetta Average Annual Sunshine Hours.

 

On x- axis  time in hours, Y-axis show the year,  month wise  sun shine observation in Quetta.(2)

 

3.12.Sunshine

Sun ray modified and alter the composition and nature of any solution on the bases of above measurement fig 4 .it is come to know that the sun shine rate of Quetta is less as compare to other cities of worlds.

 

 

Table no 4 .W.H.O stranded for drinking water (8) Comparison with observation

S. No	Name of pollutants	WHO GUIDELINES	2010	2012	Difference
1	sulfate	250	135.6	98.2	37.5
2	cl	250	57	94.2	-37.2
3	K	*	2.06	0.5	1.56
4	Na	200	43	50.5	-7.5
5	Mg	150	29.1	62.7	-33.6
6	Ca	200	63.8	48.1	15.7
7	HCO3	*	190.7	272.1	-81.4
8	Alk	500	3.79	5.97	-2.18
9	Coliform Groups	10 cell /100ml	>240	>240	No change

(*No guideline available).

SO₄, sulfate   Cl =chloride ,K =potassium ,Na =sodium ,Mg = magnesium , Ca = calcium , Hco₃ Bicarbonate.

 

 

Fig.5 Illustrate the climate effect on Hanna lake.

 

1. When lake is dry, 2.During snow fall , 3 .when  lake is completely re-fill (3), 4 .Red dot represent the place of water sample collection point (20).

 

 

4. CONCLUSION:

On the basis of foregone investigation the following conclusions may be drawn.

 

The water sample analysis show that the water of Hanna Lake is not according to the permissible limit of W.H.O standard. This water quality plays a turning point in the health of humans .As these hazardous substances and high level of bacteria containments presences  are alarming issue not only for human but also harmful for crops, vegetables, Fruits and animals but to the economy as a whole. There is a need of another study after two years to show the fact is the concentration of salt in lake water increase or decrease with the passage of time.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

We shall be thankful for the cooperation during study and provided guideline by PCRWR, Quetta during study.

 

6. REFERENCE

1.       American Public Health Association. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 17th ed. Washington, DC, (1989).

2.       Image taken from eldoradocountyweather.com 2012-12-12 Available from: URL : http://eldoradocountyweather. com/forecast/pakistan/Quetta.php

3.       Images taken from Wikipedia free License to use under term and condition. To copy, distribute and transmit the work. Available from: URL : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hanna_Lake, _Quetta.JPG ( zakirchum pic authour )

4.       P.E.P ambient air and water quality investigation in Quetta. (Pakistan environment programmer, (Feb,2007).

5.       S. Akbar et al, “A Detailed Analysis of Drinking Water of Quetta City”, from Research Journal, U.O.B., 2, 7 ,( 2004).

6.       Dewani, V.K.; l.A. Ansari and M.Y. Khuhawar.. Determination and transport of metal ions in river  lndus at Kotri barrage.  from J. Chem. Soc. Pak. 24(3): 190 194,(2002).

7.       V. Simeonov et al Environmetric modeling and interpretation of river water monitoring data. from  Anal. Bional. Chem. 374 898 (2002) .

8.       W.H.O world health organization international standards for drinking water. 3rd Ed, Geneva, PP 39,( 1996 and 2004).

9.       National Standards for Drinking Water Quality, Government of Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Ministry of Environment) June (2008).

10.     "Quetta". Pakistan Paedia. Retrieved 2012-12-21.available from URL http://www.pakistanpaedia.com/qta/quetta.html.

11.     Strander method for examination of water and waste water 18th Ed; American public Health association Pub,(1992).

12.     Anil kumar De, Environmental chemistry 2nd Ed wiley limited Pub ,New Delhi 228 India ,

13.     A.Khurshed and W.Ali Workshop on GEMS /Water Quality ,Amman Jordan,(1994).

14.     Hussian ,F. A reconstruction of hydrosphere in Quetta and pishin valley Balochistan from journal Pakistan study ,7: 37-46,(1983).

15.     Baig.S.M  et al from. Reconnaissance soil survey of Quetta and pishin districts .Government of Pakistan ministry of Food and agriculture and cooperatives soil survey lahore ,(1973).

16.     Ahmad K.S Climate region of Pakistan ,Pakistan Geog. Review 6:1-35,(1951).

17.     Y.Iqbal,S.Alam journal of chemical society Pakistan 22,239 Karachi (2000).

18.     U.S. National Academy of Sciences (1977).

19.     Costi D et al , from .Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 22(11):852-856,( 1999).

20.     Images taken from google under  Attribution Guidelines for Google Maps and Google Earth License to use under term and condition. Imagery ©2013 GeoEye, Map data ©2013 Google available from URL :. http://maps.google.com/maps

 

 

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