Table: 1 Saponin in plants [6-49]

Sr. No.	Botanical name	Family	Part	Saponin present
1.	Nematostylis anthophylla	Rubiaceae	Whole plant	Known triterpene saponin randianin and the two new bioactive triterpene saponins 2"-O-acetylrandianin , 6"-O-acetylrandianin
2.	Dioscorea nipponica	Dioscoreaceae	Rhizomes	Progenin III, one of the most active spirostanol saponins
3.	Rusci rhizoma	Liliaceae	Rhizomes	Spirostanolsaponins deglucoruscin, 22-O-methyl-deglucoruscoside, deglucoruscoside, ruscin, ruscogenin-1-O-(α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-galactopyranoside and 1-O-sulpho-ruscogenin, 3'-O-acetyl-4'-O-sulphodeglucoruscin, 4'-O-(2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoyl)-deglucoruscin and 4'-O-acetyl-deglucoruscin
4.	Bacopa monnieri	Scrophulariaceae	Whole plant	Bacoside A and B
5.	Platycodon grandiflorum	Campanulaceae	Root	Triterpenoid saponins- platycodon A (3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-16-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2β,3β,16β,21β-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid) and platycodon B (3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-16-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-2β,3β,16β,21β-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid)
6.	Patrinia scabiosaefolia	Valerianaceae	Whole plant	Triterpenoid saponins- 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-12β,30-dihydroxy-olean-28,13β-olide (1), 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-12β,30-dihydroxy-olean-28,13β-olide, 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-12β, 30-dihydroxy-olean-28,13β-olide, and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
7.	Aralia taibaiensis	Araliaceae	Bark	New oleanane type triterpenoid saponins –3-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucurono-pyranosyl}-olean-11,13(18)-diene-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, 3-O-{β-D-gluco-pyranosyl-(1→3)-[α-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl}-olean-11,13(18)-diene-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, 3-O-{β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl}-oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester and 3-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl}-oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester
8.	Clematis mandshurica	Ranunculaceae	Roots and rhizomes	Triterpene saponins – mandshunosides A and B
9.	Abrus precatorius	Fabaceae	Leaves and stems	New triterpenoid saponin, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl subprogenin D
10.	Xanthoceras sorbifolia	Sapindaceae	Husks	Triterpenoid saponins - 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)-[angeloyl(1 → 2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-21β,22α-dihydroxyl-olean-12-ene, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-28-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-21β,22α-dihydroxyl-olean-12-ene, and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-28-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-21β,22α-dihydroxyl-olean-12-ene
11.	Cestrum ruizteranianum	Solanaceae	Fruits	Delta5-spirostene and delta5-furostene
12.	Momordica charantia	Cucurbitaceae	Fruits	3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al, momordicine I, momordicine II, 3-hydroxycucurbita-5,24-dien-19-al-7,23-di-O-β-glucopyranoside, kuguaglycoside G
13.	Gynostemma pentaphyllum	Cucurbitaceae	Fruits	Gypensapogenin A, gypensapogenin B, gypensapogenin C, 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-gypensapogenin D and gypensapogenin D
14.	Ilex kudingcha	Boraginaceae	Leaves	Triterpene saponins - 3β,19α-dihydroxy-12α-ethoxy-urs-13(18)-ene-28,20β-lactone-3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 3)]-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 2)]-α-L-arabinopyranoside and 3β,19α-dihydroxy-12α-methoxy-urs-13(18)-ene-28,20β-lactone-3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 2)]-α-L-arabinopyranoside
15.	Thalictrum fortunei	Ranunculaceae	Aerial parts	Cycloartane glycosides– 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1 → 4)-β-d-fucopyranosyl-(22S,24Z)-cycloart-24-en-3β,22,26,30-tetraol 26-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1 → 4)-β-D-fucopyranosyl-(22S,24Z)-cycloart-24-en-3β,22,26, 29-tetraol 26-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
16.	Patrinia scabiosifolia	Valerianaceae	Whole plants	Triterpenoidsaponins (1-3) - The structures of the new compounds were established as 11α, 12α-epoxy-3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-olean-28, 13β-olide, 11α, 12α-epoxy-3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-olean-28, 13β-olide, and 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-xylopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
17.	Antonia ovata	Loganiaceae	Leaves	Pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins- antoniosides E-J 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside, linked at C-3 of esterified derivatives of polyhydroxyoleanene triterpenoids (theasapogenol A and 15α-hydroxy-theasapogenol A)
18.	Panax japonicus	Araliaceae	Fruits	Seven new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins, chikusetsusaponin FK1, chikusetsusaponin FK2, chikusetsusaponin FK3, chikusetsusaponin FK4, chikusetsusaponin FK5, chikusetsusaponin FK6, and chikusetsusaponin FK7, and eleven known triterpenoidsaponins, ginsenoside Rb3, ginsenoside Rc, chikusetsusaponin VI, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1, pseudo-ginsenoside RS1, notoginsenoside R1, chikusetsusaponin L5), chikusetsusaponin L10, chikusetsusaponin IVa, and chikusetsusaponin V, chikusetsusaponin FK5 and chikusetsusaponin FM1, and five known triterpenoid saponins, ginsenoside Rb3, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1, and floralquinquenoside E
19.	Smilacina japonica	Liliaceae	Rhizome	Furosteroidal saponin -26-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-furost-5-en-3beta, 12, 17alpha, 22xi, 26-pentol-12-O-acetyle-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside
20.	Gypsophila pilulifera	Caryophyllaceae	Under-ground parts	Triterpenoid saponin as 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl quillaic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4]-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fucopyranosyl ester
21.	Salicornia bigelovii	Salicornioideae	Whole plant	Bigelovii A, Bigelovii B
22.	Clematis argentilucida	Ranunculaceae	Roots	Triterpenoid saponins - 3β-O-[β-D-ribopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl] hederagenin-11,13-dien-28-oic acid and 3β-O-{β-D-ribopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-xylopyranosyl} oleanolic acid
23.	Fritillaria pallidiflora	Liliaceae	Dry bulbs	Steroidal saponins – Pallidifloside D, Pallidifloside E , Pallidifloside G, Pallidifloside H and Pallidifloside
24.	Aralia elata	Araliaceae	Leaves	3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-β-D- glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid (1), 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 3-O-{[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)]-[β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl} oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester and 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl caulophyllogenin and two known compounds, 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl]-echinocystic acid and 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl echinocystic acid
25.	Ophiopogon japonicus	Asparagaceae	Tuber	Steroidal saponins, ophiopogonins H-O
26.	Sanguisorba officinalis	Asparagaceae	Roots	19-oxo-18,19-seco-ursane-type triterpenoid saponin, named sanguisoside
27.	Smilacina japonica	Ruscaceae	Dried rhizomes and roots	Steroidal saponins, japonicoside A, japonicoside B and japonicoside C were isolated from. Their structures were elucidated as (25S)-5α-spirostan-9(11)-en-3β-ol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside, (25S)-5α-spirostan-9(11)-en-3β,17α-diol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside and (25S)-5α-spirostan-9(11)-en-3β,17α,24α-triol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside
28.	Salicornia herbacea	Chenopodiaceae	Whole plant	3β-hydroxy-23-oxo-30-noroleana-12, 20(29)-diene-28-oic acid 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-28-O-β-d-glucopyranoside
29.	Ardisia kivuensis	Myrsinaceae	Stem	Ardisikivuoside {3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 --> 3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 4)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-3beta-hydroxy-13beta,28-epoxyoleanan-16-oxo-30-al}
30.	Panax japonicus	Araliaceae	Fruits	Dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins, chikusetsusaponin FT(1), chikusetsusaponin FT(2), chikusetsusaponin FT(3), chikusetsusaponin FT(4), and six known triterpenoid saponins, chikusetsusaponin FK(4), chikusetsusaponin FK(5), chikusetsusaponin FK(2), chikusetsusaponin FK(3), chikusetsusaponin LN(4), and chikusetsusaponin IVa (14)
31.	Psammosilene tunicoides	Caryophyllaceace	Roots	Oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins, tunicosaponin A (TSA) and tunicosaponin E (TSE)
32.	Polygala japonica	Polygalaceae	Roots	Triterpenoid saponins polygalasaponins LI-LIII
33.	Xanthoceras sorbifolia	Sapindaceae	Seeds oil	Oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins named sorbifoliasides A-F (1-6) and bunkankasaponin F
34.	Ilex asprella	Aquifoliaceae	Roots	Triterpenoid saponins, asprellanosides A and B
35.	Rhodiola crenulata	Crassulaceae	Roots	3R,5R,8R)-3-O-[α-l-arabinopyranosyl (1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-5-hydroxymegastigma-6,7-dien-9-one and (1R)-1-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-phenylethylene glycol
36.	Gynostemma pentaphyllum	Cucurbitaceae	Aerial parts	Dammarane-type triterpene saponins, gypenbiosides A and B
37.	Ardisia japonica	Myrsinaceae	Leaves	Ardisianoside B and 3β-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-13β,28-epoxy-16α-hydroxyoleanane
38.	Avena sativa	Poaceae	From grains	Steroidal saponin isolated nuatigenin 3-O-{α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside}-26-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), nuatigenin 3-O-{α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside}-26-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and nuatigenin 3-O-{α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-6-O-sulfoglucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside}-26-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
39.	Asparagus racemosus	Liliaceae	Roots	Furostanol steroidal saponin, shatavaroside C
40.	Camellia oleifera	Theaceae	Tea seed pomace	Oleiferasaponin A₁ - 22-O-cis-2-hexenoyl-A₁-barrigenol 3-O-[β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→2)] [β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
41.	Tripterygium hypoglaucum	Celastraceae	Root barks	Triterpenoid saponin hypoglaside A
42.	Ilex pubescens	Primulaceae	Roots	Triterpene saponins- 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl urs-12,18-diene-24,28-dioic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl urs-12,18-diene-24,28-dioic acid, and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 3)-α-L-arabinoyranosyl-30-hydroxyurs-12,19-diene-24,28-dioic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
43.	Paris polyphylla	Melanthiaceae	Aerial parts	Steroidal saponins, namely paris-VII, (25R)-5-en-spirost-3beta,17alpha-diol-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2) [alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->4)]-beta-D-glycopyanoside (PGRR), paris-H, paris-VI, paris-II , paris-III, gracillin, paris-I and paris-V
44.	Maesa lanceolata	Myrsinaceae	Stem wood	Triterpene saponinscharacterized as 16α,21β-diacetoxy-22α-angeloyl-28-hydroxyolean-12-ene3-O-[α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1″″ → 6″″ )-β-glucopyranosyl-(1‴ → 3')][β-glucopyranosyl-(1″ → 2')]-β-glucuronopyranoside, 16α-acetoxy-21β-hydroxy-22α-angeloyl-13β,28-oxydoolean-28α-ol 3-O-[α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1″″ → 6‴)-β-glucopyranosyl-(1‴ → 4')][β-glucopyranosyl-(1″ → 2')]-α-arabinopyranoside, 16α-acetoxy-21β,22α-diangeloyl-13β,28-epoxyoleanane 3-O-[α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1″″ → 6‴)-β-glucopyranosyl-(1‴ → 4')][β-glucopyranosyl-(1″ → 2')]-β-xylopyranoside, and 16α,22α-diacetoxy-13β,28-oxydoolean-28α-ol 3-O-[β-glucopyranosyl-(1″ → 2')][β-glucopyranosyl-(1‴ → 3')]-β-glucuronopyranoside

Table 2: Pharmacological status of Saponins 2012-13 [50-74]

Sr. No.	Botanical name	Family	Part used	Biological activity
1.	Ebenus stellata	Fabaceae	Aerial parts	Anticonvulsant Activity
2.	Viola betonicifolia	Violaceae	Whole plant	Prokinetic, laxative effects
3.	Funtumia elastica	Apocynaceae	Leaf and bark	Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory
4.	Clematis tangutica	Ranunculaceae	Whole plants	Cardioprotective effects
5.	Anacardium occidentalis	Anacardiaceae	Leaf	Analgesic and anti-inflammatory
6.	Dizygotheca elegantissima	Araliaceae	Aerial parts	Antiproliferative
7.	Plumeria rubra	Apocynaceae	Pod	Abortifacient activity
8.	Commelina africana and Ageratum conyzoides	Commelinaceae Asteraceae	Whole plant	Antidiabetic
9.	Coccinia cordifolia	Cucurbitaceae	Fruits	Antimicrobial
10.	Pulsatilla chinensis	Ranunculaceae	Aerial parts	Molluscicidal
11.	Solanum xanthocarpum	Solanaceae	Fruits	Antiurolithiatic
12.	Rhizoma paridissaponins	Trilliaceae	Rhizomes	Sedative-hypnotic
13.	Adenophora triphylla	Campanulaceae	Roots	Cytotoxicity
14.	Chamaelirium luteum	Liliaceae	Roots	Antiproliferative activity
15.	Pleurospermum kamtschaticum	Umbelliferae	Aerial parts	Cytotoxicity
16	Paris polyphylla var. Yunnanensis	Melanthiaceae	Stems and leaves	Antimicrobial activity
17.	Tarenna grevei	Rubiaceae	Whole plant	Antiproliferative
18.	Fagonia indica	Zygophyllaceae	Aerial parts	Cell-selective apoptosis or necrosis
19.	Cimicifuga racemosa	Ranunculaceae	Whole plant	Osteoprotective effects
20.	Tupistra chinensis	Asparagaceae	Leaf	Anti-endotoxin effect
21.	Nigella glandulifera	Ranunculaceae	Seeds	Analgesic,anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant
22.	Entada phaseoloides	Fabaceae	Whole plant	Anti-diabetic
23.	Bauhinia variegata Mimusops elengi	Fabaceae	Leaf Bark	Molluscicidal activity
24.	Allium sativum var. Voghiera	Lilliceae	Bulbs	Antifungal
25.	Gymnema sylvestre	Asclepiadaceae	Leaf	Anti-diabetic
26.	Polygonatum odoratum	Asparagaceae	Root	Anti-diabetic
27.	Entada phaseoloides	Fabaceae	Seed	Anti-diabetic

CONCLUSION:

Present review revealed that plant saponins are able to produce diversified and pharmacologically active metabolites and thus can provide a potential source of new bioactive compounds. Based on the studies so far, it can be concluded that saponins hold a lot of therapeutic potential. It is not only their generalized detergent and cell permeability enhancing properties that are interesting, but also their action as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, cardioprotective etc. Based on this observation, the author of this review article has tried to provide information (phytopharmacological status) on the saponins produced by the plants from year 2012 to 2013. Thus the review would be helpful and provides useful information for the researchers of the same field.

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Received on 06.04.2013 Modified on 19.04.2013

Asian J. Research Chem. 6(9): September 2013; Page 871-876