INTRODUCTION:

⁽¹⁴⁾Small holder farms and escalating cost of imported fertilizers and the need to conserve and build natural resource capital and biodiversity, has led to renewed interest in the use of local nutrient resources for soil fertility management.^(11-14)Among the improvement possibilities, the nutritional requirements play a major role.^(1-2)Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium are major essential elements required for physiological mechanisms of plant growth, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium are usually the most limiting nutrients in soils in Africa and are often simultaneously deficient⁽¹⁰⁾. Most soils in Sub-Sahara African are used for subsistence farming and dare of low and declining fertility^(9-12). Continuous cropping with low or no fertilizer inputs nutrient losses through harvest, soil erosion and leaching has led to decline in soil fertility.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Study Site and the Soil Used:

A study was conducted at the Controlled Environment Structure, farms at Shirur Anantpal Dist. Latur State Maharashtra India for a period of four months (June to November). The minimum and maximum temperatures recorded during the study period were 21°C and 39°C, respectively. ^(8-10)The soil used in this experiment was Beginning Series, taxonomically classified as sandy, siliceous family of Type Quartzipsamments, containing 75.02 % sand, 5.48 % silt and 7.73 % clay. ^(7-9)This soil type is normally these coastal plains comprised of many soil series whereas the common can be found are Baging, Rhu Tapai, Rudua and Jambu series (Roslan et al., 2011).

Treatments and Experimental Design:

The experiment was established in June 2015 and laid out as split plot design with three replications, where three fertilizer s treatments was randomized in main plots three types of fertilizers (FYM, chemical fertilizers and Poultry manure) and control treatments were Randomized in the sub-plots. Three types of organic manures and control (without addition of organic manures) are sub treatments. The inorganic fertilizer treatments were applied The Organic fertilizer types and their control comprised the sub- treatments; Control (Without addition of organic manures), FYM, chemical fertilizers (C), and Poultry manure (P)

Soil Sampling and Analyses:

Soil samples^(6-11) were collected randomly from three points in each pot (0-30 cm depth), before planting and after harvesting. The soils were mixed uniformly to forma composite sample and air-dried for 48 fours, followed by sieving through a ≤2.0 mm sieve and kept in polyethylene bags for further analysis in the laboratory. ⁽⁵⁾The selected soil physico-chemical properties determined were texture, pH, exchangeable cations (K⁺, Na⁺, Mg⁺, Ca⁺), exchangeable Al, exchangeable ammonium(NH₄⁺), Nitrate (NO₃^-), available P, cation exchange capacity, total N and total C. Soil texture was determined by the pipette method of Day (1965)⁽²⁾. Total N and C and were analyzed by dry combustion method using LECO CHN analyzer (model VICNS Tru Mac Analyzer). PH KCl and pH water of the soils were measured with a glass electrode at soil^(4-5): KCl/water ratio of 1:5 (Jones, 2001). ^(5-7)Exchangeable bases (K, Ca, Mg and Na) and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) were determined by the leaching method with ammonium acetate solution (NH₄OAc) buffered at pH 7 (Lavkulich, 1981).^(2-6) The concentration of exchangeable bases was then analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), model Shimadzu AA- 6800. Available P was determined by Bray and Kurtz procedure no. 2 (Bray and Kurtz, 1945) and the concentrations were analyzed using Auto analyzer. Exchangeable acidity and exchangeable aluminum were extracted by 1 MK Cl.^(3-6) The exchangeable acidity was determined by the titration method using 0.01 M Na OH and the concentration of Al using 0.01 M H Cl (Sumner and Stewart, 1992). ^(4-7)Exchangeable ammonium and nitrate were extracted from the soil samples using 2M K Cl, followed by steam distillation method (Keeney and Nelson, 1982).

Analysis of or Ganic Materials and Soils:

Polutery manure, chemical fertilizers, Farmed manure was obtained from the hedges bordering the experimental site while the FYM was from Farms at Shirur Anantpal Dist. Latur State Maharashtra India Compost treatments at the farm using fertilizer residues mainly maize stovers after cultivated ^(5-9) The organic materials were dried and ground to pass through a 0.5 mm sieve. ^(4-7)The quality parameters of the OMs i.e. total N, P, K, pH and OC were determined. In both seasons, soil samples (0-0.15 m depth) were collected after site preparation. The soils were air dried and prepared for chemical analysis using standard procedures.^(10-12)The soil pH was determined using 1:3 soil: water ratio and the available P were determined by Olsen method as described by Okhalebo et al. ⁽⁵⁾The total nitrogen was determined by Kjeldahl oxidation method and total organic carbon by wet combustion oxidation method.⁽³⁾ Exchangeable bases were determined by extraction of the soil samples with excess 1 M NH₄OAc solution.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Table (1) Chemical analysis of different soil sample sources used in this study before treatment of fertilizer

Contents

Polutery manure

Chemical fertilizers

Farmed manure

N (%)

P(mg/kg)

K (%)

OC (%)

PH(1:2.5)

0.60

121.6

0.70

8.02

7.1

0.25

55.4

0.44

2.06

7.0

2.5

1.9

7.2

Table (2) Chemical analysis of different soil sample sources used in this study after first cult aviation of crop

Contents

Polutery manure

Chemical fertilizers

Farmed manure

N (%)

P(mg/kg)

K (%)

OC (%)

PH(1:2.5)

2.05

225.1

1.9

10.92

6.34

0.39

100.2

0.60

4.06

5.25

5.1

6.9

Table (3) Chemical analysis of different soil sample sources used in this study after second cult aviation of crop

Contents

Polutery manure

Chemical fertilizers

Farmed manure

N (%)

P(mg/kg)

K (%)

OC (%)

PH(1:2.5)

0.85

171.6

1.25

10.92

6.79

0.20

50.3

0.45

3.06

7.0

3.1

3.3

6.78

Characteristics of soil sample materials used in the study before treatment of fertilizer:

Chemical properties of the three fertilizers are shown in Table (1). The samples of Poultry manure, chemical fertilizers, Farmed manure had PH levels is 7.1,7.0 and 7.2 respectively, while NPKO is Poultry manure 0.60, 121, 0.70 and 8.02 chemical fertilizers 0.25, 55.4, 0.44 and 2.06 Farmed manure 2.5, 30, 1.9 and 25. The all levels were also very low.

Characteristics of soil sample materials used in the study after first cultivation of crop:

Chemical properties of the three fertilizers are shown in Table (2). The samples of Polutery manure, chemical fertilizers, Farmed manure had PH levels is 6.34, 5.52 and 6.9 respectively , while NPKO is Polutery manure 2.05, 225.1, 1.9, 10.92 chemical fertilizers 0.39, 100.2, 0.60, 4.06 Farmed manure5.1, 39, 5.1, 51.

Characteristics of soil sample materials used in the study after second cultivation of crop:

Chemical properties of the three fertilizers are shown in Table (3). The samples of Polutery manure, chemical fertilizers, Farmed manure had PH levels is 6.79,7.0 and 6.78 respectively , while N,P,K,O is Polutery manure 0.85, 171, 1.25, 10.92 chemical fertilizers 0.20, 50.3, 0.45, 3.06 Farmed manure3.1, 35, 3.3, 20.

CONCLUSION:

The above studies show that both fertilizers with have their own roles to play in soil fertility management except none can solely furnish all the nutrients and other conditions in this study may be associated with the supply of essential nutrients by continuous mineralization of organic manures, enhanced inherent nutrient supplying capacity of the soil and its favorable effect on soil physical and biological properties

REFERENCES:

1. Rao, M. H. and T.R. Subramanian 1994.

2. Day, P.R., 1965. Particle Size Fractionation and Particle Size Analysis. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Black, C.A.M. (Ed.). Wisc, American Soc Agron, pp: 545- 567.

3. Jones, Jr. J.B., 2001. Laboratory Guide for Conducting Soil Tests and Plant Analysis. 1st Edn. CRC Press, pp: 384.

4. Lavkulich, L.M., 1981. Method Manual, Pedology Laboratory. Department of Soil Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

5. Bray R.H. and L.T. Kurtz, 1945. Determination of total, organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci., 59: 39-45. DOI: 10.1097/00010694- 194501000-00006.

6. Sumner, M.E. and B.A. Stewart, 1992. Soil Crusting Chemical and Physical Processes. 1st Edn., CRC Press, pp: 384.

7. Keeney, D.R. and D.W. Nelson, 1982. Nitrogen-Inorganic Forms. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Page, A.L., D.R. Keeney, D.E. Baker, R.H. Miller and R. Ellis Jr. et al. (Eds.), Agron, Monogr, ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.

8. Roslan, I., J. Shamshuddin, C.I. Fauziah and A.R. Anuar, 2011. Fertility and suitability of the spodosols formed on sandy beach ridges interspersed with swales in the Kelantan-Terengganu Plains of Malaysia for kenaf production. Malaysian J. Soil Sci., 15: 1-24.

9. S.R. Olsen et .al. USDA Circular, USA, 1954, VOL. 9, 39.

10. J.R. Okhalebo, K.W. Gathua, and P.C. Woomer, SSSEA, KARI, TSBF, Sacred Africa. Kenya, 2002, 2nd ed., 28, 29-31, 51, 78.

11. Rao, M. H. and T.R. Subramanian 1996. J. India Soc, Soil Sci. 42 (4): 565. 65(11) 9621.

12. Buresh, R J, Smithson, P.C. and Hellums, D.J. 1997. Building Soil P. capital in Africa p.

13. 111-149. Africa. SSSA. Spec. Publ. 51. SSSA, Madison, WI.

14. Stoorvogel, J.J., Smaling, E.M.A. and Janssen, B.H. 1993.

15. Cooper, P.J.M, Leakey, R.R.B., Rao, M.R., and Reynolds, L. 1996. Exp. Agric. 32:235-290.

Received on 19.01.2016 Modified on 25.01.2016

Asian J. Research Chem. 9(2): Feb., 2016; Page 67-69

DOI: 10.5958/0974-4150.2016.00012.2