Eco-Friendly Natural Dye from Bark of Acacia leucophloea
for Dyeing of Cotton Fabric using Different Temperature and Mordant
Dr. S. Sivajiganesan
Department of Chemistry, A. V. V. M. Sri Pushpam
College, Poondi, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu- 613503, India.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: sivajichemspc@gmail.com
The colour fastness properties of the
colourant extracted from the brake of acacia leucophoea on cotton have studied
using different temperate (50°C, 60°C and 70°C) and different hours washing
fastness (6h, 7h, 8h)of various chemical mordants. So in present investigation,
bleached cotton fabrics were dyed with different mordants. Dyeing was carried
out by pre-mordanting, post mordanting and simultaneous mordanting. Fastness
properties of the dyed sample, pre mordanting methods good results. The colour
fastness properties dyed fabrics washing, light, fastness, GCMS were studied.
KEYWORDS:
Extraction, natural dyes, flowers, Acacia leucophloea,
cotton, textiles, GCMS
INTRODUCTION:
Colour is one of the elements of natural
that made the human living more aesthetic and fascinating in the world. They
are supposed to be associated with emotions, human qualities, seasons,
festivals and passions in our life. In the past at the dawn of civilization,
the people tried to ornament their surroundings and the clothing similar to
that of natural colours observed in the plant, soil, sky and other sources.
This gave birth to a new science of colours from natural origin. The art of
dyeing was as old as human civilization. From the historical records it is
learnt that natural colourants were only available to the people during
Greco-Roman periods. This is evident with the wall paintings of Ajanta, Ellora
and Sithannavasal which had been done with natural coloring matters still
demonstrate the efficacy of dyeing craft that has been inherited from ancient
times.
The fore stated emerging environmental
awareness have compelled the colorists to go back to natural dyes and the other
sources from natural origin. Natural dyes minimize the level of environmental
pollution and substantiate the nutritional value of the land. On the
application part of the textiles, as apparels dyed with the natural dyes they
are aesthetically appealing non-toxic to the skin and anti-allergic1.Natural
dyes are deep and soft in color shades when compared with synthetic dyes. And
they are useful for human health because they have the antibacterial,
insecticidal – and healthy-properties that are due to the origin of them-
extracted from herb plants. Besides, with the increase of the worldwide concern
for the environmental circumstances, many are anxious for the possibility of
the natural dyes because they can overcome the defects of synthetic dyes such
as harmfulness to human body, pollution and wastewater. According to this
phenomenon, there have been active researches for the natural dyeing2-4.
A renewed international interest has arisen in natural dyes due to increased
awareness of the environmental and health hazards associated with the
synthesis, processing and use of synthetic dyes. Textile processing industry is
one of the major environmental polluters as the effluent from these industries
contains a heavy load of chemicals including dyes used during textile
processing. There are two main ways to limit the environmental impact of
textile processing. One is to construct sufficiently large and highly effective
effluent treatment plants, and the other way is to make use of dyes and
chemicals that are environment friendly5.Natural dyes, when used by
them have many limitations of fastness and brilliancy of shade. However, when
used along with metallic mordents they produce bright and fast colours.
Therefore, instead of using unsustainable technology for producing colours one
can use mild chemistry to achieve almost similar results. The rich biodiversity
of our country has provided us plenty of raw materials, yet sustainable linkage
must be developed between cultivation, collection and their use6.
Acacia leucophloea: The barks of Acacia leucophloea (Fabaceae) are used in
Pakistan traditional medicine as an astringent, a bitter, a thermogenic, a
styptic, a preventive of infections, an anthelmintic, a vulnery, a demulcent,
an expectorant, an antipyretic, an antidote for snake bites and in the
treatment of bronchitis, cough, vomiting, wounds, ulcers, diarrhea, dysentery,
internal and external hemorrhages, dental caries, stomatitis, and intermittent
fevers and skin diseases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Materials:
Fabric:
Desized , scoured and bleached cotton fabric was used
for dyeing.
Mordants:
Chemicals used:
AR grade chemical mordant’s such as K2Cr2O7,
Al2SO4, CuSO4, SnCl2, and FeSO4.
Experimental:
Dye Extraction:
Acacia leucophloea barks were cut into
small pieces and soaked in water and headed in a beaker over a water bath for 1
hours to facilitate quick extraction. Then it was filtered and the filtrate was
collected was collected in a separate beaker.
Dyeing procedure:
The cotton samples were dyed with dye extract keeping
M: L ratio as 1:20 dyeing was carried out at 80 °C and continued for
1hour.
Mordanting:
The cotton samples were treated and with different
chemical mordant’s by following three methods7.
(i) pre- mordanting
(ii) simultaneous mordanting
(iii) post- mordanting
Pre-Mordanting:
Bleached cotton fabrics with or without
pre-mordanting were further mordant prior to dyeing of any one of the chemical
mordant’s, such as K2Cr2O7, Al2SO4,
CuSO4, SnCl2, and FeSO4 at 60°C for 30 min
with material-to liquor ratio of 1:20. The samples treated with metal salts
were dyed with the dye extract
Simultaneous -Mordanting:
Bleached cotton fabrics were treated with
both dye extract and metal salts simultaneously, using any one of the chemical
mordant’s, such as K2Cr2O7, Al2SO4,
CuSO4, SnCl2, and FeSO4 at 78°C for 60 min
with material-to liquor ratio of 1:20
Post-Mordanting:
Bleached cotton fabrics were dyed with dye
extract. The wetted out cotton samples were entered into different dye baths
containing required amount of dye extract and water. After 10 minutes required
amount of sodium carbonate was added. After 20 minutes required amount of
sodium chloride was added. The dyeing was carried out for one hour at 78°C. The
dyed samples were taken out, squeezed and used for treatment with metal salts
process without washing. The dyed cotton samples were treated with different
metal salts using of any one of the chemical mordant, such as K2Cr2O7,
Al2SO4, CuSO4, SnCl2, andFeSO4
at 60°C for 30 min with material-to-liquor ratio of 1:20. In all the above
three methods, after the dyeing is over, the dyed samples were repeatedly
washed with water and then dried in air.
Colour fastness:
Colour fastness to washing and light,
perspiration were determined from standard test methods8.
Antimicrobial Screening Test:
Investigations were carried out to
determine the antibacterial activity of the dye solution 50mg/ µl9.The
antimicrobial (both bacterial and fungal) studies were carried out in
duplicates using agar well diffusion method and a control set was along with
each test to determine the antimicrobial activity10 Pathogenic micro
organisms were purchased from trichy medical college pathology departments. The
test bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli
ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC 27853. Pathogenic bacteria
culture in nutrient broth at 37°C for 24 hrs the culture were swapped on
nutrient agar plates 100µl of the dye solution loaded in the well after
incubation 37°C for 24 hours the zone of inhibition was measured by the taking
the average of the zone obtained from the duplicate plates11.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
Preparation and optimization of aqueous
extract of Acaci aleucophloea:
Acacia leucophloea barks were found to
discharge colour in hot water very easily. Increasing the quantity of barks 20
g per 100mL. water boiled for 1 hour is accompanied with the increasing in colour
strength and depth in colour. It was observed that, colour of the dye extract
was dark redes brown colour.
Effect of Mordanting:
The dye extract was found to be suitable for cotton
fabric. The cotton fabrics were dyed with chemical mordants. It was observed
that, the dye uptake was found to be good in Pre mordanting method is shown in
figure – 1.
Effect of M: L Ratio:
The cotton samples were dyed with dye extracts keeping
various M: L ratio as 1:10, 1:20 and 1:30 It was observed that the dye
uptake was good in M: L ratio 1:20.
Effect of temperature:
The effect of temperature on the dye ability of cotton
fabric with dye extract was conducted at temperature like 50°C, 60°C and 70°C.
it was observed that the dye uptake was good in 60°C is shown in figure-2
Washing fastness:
Dyed sample was placed between two pieces of non dyed
white samples (control). These three pieces were held together by stitching
round the edges. The pre heated (Tide, at 60°C) in the radio of 1:50 i.e
0.5g/25 ml water, was taken in a vessel added i.0 g of sandwiched fabric for 30
minutes then the specimen was removed and rinsed in cold water. The colour
fastness is usually rated by the presence of the colour in control sample is
shown in taple-1
Light fastness:
The fabric was exposed to sun light for 4h,
6h and 8h. The colour fastness to light was evaluated by comparison of colour
change of the exposed portion to the unexposed original material is shown in table-2.
Table-1 Washing fastness of the cotton dyed
fabric at various temperature and mordant
|
S. NO
|
METALLIC SALTS
|
PRE MORDANTS
|
SIMULTANEOUS MORDANTS
|
POST MORDANTS
|
|
Washing
Fastness
|
Washing
Fastness
|
Washing
Fastness
|
|
50°C
|
60°C
|
70°C
|
50°C
|
60°C
|
70°C
|
50°C
|
60°C
|
70°C
|
|
1
|
Potassium dichromate
|
3
|
4
|
4
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
4
|
|
2
|
Copper sulphate
|
5
|
5
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
3
|
3
|
4
|
4
|
|
3
|
Ferrous sulphate
|
3
|
4
|
4
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
2
|
|
4
|
Stannous chloride
|
3
|
4
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
|
5
|
Aluminum sulphate
|
4
|
4
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
5
|
5
|
Table-2: light Fastness properties for
cotton fabric (6hr) dyed with barks of Acacia leucophloea
|
S.NO
|
METALLIC SALTS
|
PRE MORDANTS
|
SIMULTANEOUS MORDANTS
|
POST MORDANTS
|
|
Light Fastness
|
Light Fastness
|
Light Fastness
|
|
50°C
|
60°C
|
70°C
|
50°C
|
60°C
|
70°C
|
50°C
|
60°C
|
70°C
|
|
1
|
Potassium dichromate
|
4
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
3
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
|
2
|
Copper sulphate
|
4
|
5
|
5
|
2
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
5
|
|
3
|
Ferrous sulphate
|
4
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
3
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
|
4
|
Stannous chloride
|
4
|
5
|
3
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
4
|
3
|
3
|
|
5
|
Aluminum sulphate
|
3
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
2
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
5-Excellent, 4-Very good, 3-Good, 2-Fair, 1-Poo
Fighre-1 Different temperature 50°C, 60°C and 70°C for
cotton dyed samples
Figure-2 Effect of pre, sim and post
mordanting methods
Antimicrobial Activity Studies:
In this study, three different bacterial
and two fungal pathogens were used to screen the possible antimicrobial
activity of dye extract. Dye extract exhibited antibacterial and antifungal
activity against all test microorganisms.
Antibacterial and antifungal activity:
The Dye extract showed good antibacterial
activity against the three bacterial pathogens. Among the three bacterial
pathogens, dye extract showed more effective against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeroginosa and Staphylococcus aureus pathogens as shown in table-3
and fig(4).
Table-3 Antimicrobial activities of dye
extract from barks of Acacia leucophloea
|
Micro organism
|
Test Culture
|
Diameter Zone of inhibition (mm)
|
|
Bacteria
|
Escherichia coli
|
24
|
|
|
Pseudomonas aeroginosa
|
26.5
|
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus pathogens
|
24.5
|
|
Fungal
|
Aspergillus niger
Candida albicans
|
13
14
|
Fig. 3. Antimicrobial activities of dye
extract from barks of Acacia leucophloea
Figure: 4 Antimicrobial activities of dye
extract from barks of Acacia leucophloea Zone
of inhibition
CONCLUSION:
The dyeing of cotton can be achieved using the barks
extracts of Acacia leucophloea by using
chemical mordants. The washing, light fastness of all dyeing with mordants were
quite good and also dye extract has shown good antimicrobial activity. From the
comparative study of fastness properties the dyed cotton samples, Acacia leucophloea in Pre mordanting method gives better
results.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The authors thank the PG and Research Department of
Chemistry A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam College
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