A Biosorption of Heavy Metal Ions from effluent using Waste Fish Scale
Dr. Rajesh. A. Samant*, Mr. Vijay. L. Gurav
K. C. College, D. W. Road, Charchgate, Mumbai 400020 India.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: samantrajesh@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT:
In recent years, heavy metals pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems. With rapid development of many industries, wastes containing heavy metals are directly or indirectly being discharged into the environment. Biosorption is a cost effective excellent tool for removing heavy metals from the waste water (effluent). In this study, waste fish scale, inexpensive biowaste offers potential for the removal of metal ions by biosorption. In this work the potential of fish scales as a suitable biosorbent for removal of Cu, Mn, Zn & Fe ions from aqueous solutions was investigated by various parameter. The influence of that parameter on adsorption was investigated. Various parameters, such as pH, amount of adsorbate, contact time; LOD & LOQ etc. were used for study of the biosorption of metal ions onto waste fish scales. It was observed that at particular value, each variable parameter exhibited the best adsorption result of Cu, Mn, Zn & Fe onto fish scales. In addition to this, the parameters such as recovery, % adsorption were also determined. The biosorption of metal ions on waste fish scale were found to be a cost effective, sensitive easy method.
KEYWORDS: Biosorption, Heavy Metals, waste fish scale.
Biosorption is a physico-chemical adsorption, whereby metal ions get attached to the biomass surface. The ability to absorb metals has been investigated for many biological materials, including living[1] and non-living[2, 3] biomass like yeast, moss, aquatic plants, fungi, algae, yeast, wool, rice, straw, coconut husks, peat moss, bark, lignin, peanut hulls etc. Biosorption utilizes the ability of biological materials to accumulate heavy metals from waste streams by either metabolically mediated [4] or purely physico-chemical pathways [4, 5] of uptake. Heavy metals released into the environment by technological activities tend to persist indefinitely, circulating and eventually accumulating throughout the food chain, becoming a serious threat to the environment. Biosorption is proven to be quite effective [3-9] for the removal of metal ions from contaminated solution in a low cost and environment friendly manner.
Various biomaterials have been examined for their biosorptive properties and different types of biomass have shown levels of metals uptake [6] high enough to warrant further research. The present work, waste fish scales are used as the biosorbent. More amounts of these scales are being generated at local fish markets everyday and are thrown away as it is. This project reports the potential of this biosorbent for removing the heavy metals from the synthetic wastewater aqueous solution. The biosorption activity of the fish scales was studied under various parameters such as effect of pH, effect of amount of adsorbent, contact time, % recovery etc.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Preparation of Biosorbent:
Waste Fish scales were collected from the local fish market. Mature fish scales were washed repeatedly with water to remove adhering dust and soluble impurities from their surface. The fish scales dried in sunlight for 2 days. The scales were then kept in an oven at 70°C till it became crispy. The dried scales were then converted into fine mesh by grinding in a mechanical grinder. The samples generated in the above way were finally dried and stored in air tight polythene container.
Chemical Pretreatment of Fish Scales:
For chemical pretreatment, 10 gm of sample was soaked in 150 ml of 0.1 M HCl followed by 0.1M H2SO4 then 0.1M H3PO4 finally in 0.1M NaOH for 2 hr in rotary shaker at 100 rpm at room temperature. The fish scales were filtered and washed with generous amount of demonized water until neutral pH was attained resulting biomass is used for the biosorption study.
Preparation of Synthetic Wastewater:
The synthetic waste water (effluent) was prepared of 50 ppm concentration with respect to each metal ion.
Heavy Metal Analysis:
Experiments were carried out for the measurement of absorption capabilities. The bottles with 500 ml capacity were filled with synthetic waste water and weighed amount of fish scale. The bottles were shaken at room temperature in reciprocating shaker for several hrs at 300 rpm. The separation of the bioadsorbent and solution was carried out by filtration with Whatman filter paper no.42 and filtrate was stored as sample to determine metal ion concentration using AAS. This experiment was carried out by different concentration of pH, doses, incubation time and recovery time
INSTRUMENT:
FTIR spectrum of bioadsorbent was measured by using FTIR (systronic make) in a range of 400-4000cm-1, Concentration of each metal ion was measured by AAS (systronic make) and SEM (JOEL-JSM5610LV) of bioadsorbent was analyzed.
Table 1: Effect of pH in synthetic wastewater (50 ml) treatment
|
Parameter |
Initial Concentration mg/l |
Concentrations(mg/l) of metal ions at pH |
|||||
|
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
||
|
Copper (mg/l) |
50 |
35.986 |
29.645 |
24.280 |
15.962 |
22.639 |
27.295 |
|
Manganese (mg/l) |
50 |
40.689 |
36.526 |
27.652 |
12.632 |
24.263 |
29.652 |
|
Zinc (mg/l) |
50 |
42.962 |
37.658 |
32.652 |
17.822 |
22.063 |
27.652 |
|
Iron (mg/l) |
50 |
39.614 |
34.271 |
26.653 |
9.362 |
13.365 |
19.632 |
Table 2: Effect of biosorbent dosage in synthetic wastewater (50 ml) treatment
|
Parameter |
Initial Concentration mg/l |
Concentrations(mg/l) of metal ions at various biosorbent dosage mg/ml |
|||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
||
|
Copper (mg/l) |
50 |
27.256 |
15.625 |
6.569 |
4.526 |
2.365 |
2.366 |
|
Manganese (mg/l) |
50 |
39.356 |
33.652 |
23.123 |
15.253 |
7.652 |
7.659 |
|
Zinc (mg/l) |
50 |
26.563 |
17.523 |
12.325 |
9.632 |
4.526 |
4.529 |
|
Iron (mg/l) |
50 |
23.562 |
18.562 |
14.526 |
8.52 |
4.026 |
4.029 |
Table 3: Effect of time of stirring on synthetic wastewater (50 ml) treatment
|
Parameter |
Initial Concentration mg/l |
Concentrations(mg/l) of metal ions at various time of stirring in hrs |
|||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
||
|
Copper (mg/l) |
50 |
29.562 |
24.652 |
20.365 |
14.562 |
7.562 |
7.528 |
|
Manganese (mg/l) |
50 |
38.652 |
34.526 |
28.652 |
22.567 |
15.568 |
15.560 |
|
Zinc (mg/l) |
50 |
26.562 |
18.562 |
14.526 |
10.256 |
6.526 |
6.502 |
|
Iron (mg/l) |
50 |
32.562 |
27.526 |
21.568 |
15.264 |
7.856 |
7.844 |
Table 4: FTIR spectrum represented functional group
|
Sr. No. |
Band position |
Functional groups |
|
1 |
3376 cm-1 |
Stretching vibration of O-H and N-H groups |
|
2 |
2928 cm-1 |
C-H stretching vibrations of -CH3 and -CH2 |
|
3 |
2344 - 2362 cm-1 |
Carboxylic |
|
4 |
1659 - 1559 cm-1 |
Carbonyl |
|
5 |
1442 - 1341 cm-1 |
C-H, -CH3 and -CH2 |
|
6 |
1032 cm-1 |
C-O |
|
7 |
873 cm-1 |
Sulphonate group |
|
8 |
562 cm-1 |
Alkanes |
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
Effect of pH on Wastewater Treatment:
The removal of all the heavy metals from the waste water by the fish scale biosorbent was found to be pH dependent. Results showed that there was maximum adsorption of all the metal ions in the effluent by fish scale biosorbent at pH 7 and hence pH 7 was found to be better on treating the wastewater. (Table 1).
Effect of Biosorbent Dosage in Wastewater Treatment:
Table 2 shows that as the dosed amount of fish scale increases from 1 mg/ml to 5 mg/ml the amount absorbed increases in case of all metal ions under study. The marginal decrease in absorption at 6 mg/ml indicates the saturation is at 5 mg/ml of the fish scale.
Effect of Time in Wastewater Treatment:
The increase in contact time of the waste water with the fish scale on reciprocating shaker at 300 rpm the metal ion absorption maxima was achieved after 5 hrs of effective contact time. This is reflected in Table 3.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM):
Scanning electron microscopy has been used by many researchers[1] for the characterization of the biosorbent. SEM micrographs obtained for fish scales as seen in the micrograph (Fig.1). The white region is rich in inorganic material containing high proportions of calcium and phosphorus whereas the dark region is rich in proteins, because it has a high proportion of carbon, oxygen and sulphur.
Fourier Transforms Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy:
Different chemical functional groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, amide etc. are responsible for biosorption of metal ions. These functional groups are the potential sites for adsorption and the uptake of metal depends on various factors such as abundance of sites, their accessibility, chemical state and affinity between the adsorption site and metal. The FTIR spectroscopy is an important analytical technique which detects the vibration characteristics of chemical functional groups present on adsorbent surfaces. FTIR spectra of fish scale is shown in Figure (2). The represented functional group in the FTIR spectrum was given in the Table (4).
CONCLUSION:
This paper reports the potential of the fish scale, as biosorbent for removing the heavy metals from the effluent. The biosorption activity of the fish scales was studied under various parameters such as effect of pH, effect of dose and the effect of time. At pH 7 in the dosage of 5 mg/l and with contact time of 5 hour, the fish scale shows significant results as biosorbent.
FTIR spectroscopy and SEM was used to find out the various functional groups present on the cell wall of the biosorbent as well to study the surface morphology of biosorbent. So the fish scale act as a biosorbent and it can be used for wastewater treatment at industrial level.
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Received on 15.06.2018 Modified on 07.09.2018
Accepted on 18.09.2018 © AJRC All right reserved
Asian J. Research Chem. 2018; 11(5): 775-777.
DOI: 10.5958/0974-4150.2018.00136.0