Fixed Bed Column Adsorption Studies of selected Phenols and Dyes using Low-cost adsorbents. A mini Review

Samuel N. Ndung’u¹*, Ruth N. Wanjau¹, Esther W. Nthiga²

¹Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844-0100, Nairobi, Kenya.

²Department of Chemistry, Dedan Kimathi University of Technology, P.O Box 657-10100, Nyeri, Kenya.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: samuelndungu530@gmail.com

ABSTRACT 

Consumption of water contaminated with dyes and phenolic compounds is detrimental to human and animal wellbeing even at permissible limits. Therefore, their decontamination from water is important for the safety of consumers. Conventional water treatment techniques such as ozonation, ion exchange among others are expensive and ineffective. Adsorption as an emerging technique has gained research interest because of its ease in design, environmentally friendly and availability of materials as adsorbents in large quantities. The application of various adsorbents have extensively been reported for decontamination of dyes and phenolic compounds in wastewater such as 4-chlorophenol, Metanil Yellow (MY) dye, Phenol, Methyl green dye, Bromothymol Blue dye, Crystal violet, Methylene blue and Direct Blue 71. It has also been reported that adsorption by column continuous processes are more efficient than batch as it can be used continuously under high effluent flow rates in many pollution control processes in an industrial set up. The fixed bed column adsorption data is analyzed at different column conditions of bed height, pH, particle size, concentration and flow rate using different kinetic models such as Bohart-Adams, Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, Clark, Bed depth service time and Wolborska models amongst others to determine the column performance. The present paper involves a mini review of dynamics of fixed-bed column studies for removal of selected dyes and phenolics from a synthetic media.

Keywords: Fixed bed column, Phenols, dyes, Breakthrough curves, Bed capacity.

1. INTRODUCTION

Water is an essential resource for sustaining life to humans, plants and animals^1,2. Streams, rivers and wells are source of drinking water for many rural folks³. However, these water sources are polluted due to rapid industrial advancements in our societies^4,5,6. This has resulted to a continued discharge of toxic organic and inorganic pollutants such as heavy metal ions, dyes, phosphate compounds, phenolics amongst others into these water sources⁷.

One of these organic pollutants of environmental concern are dyes and phenolic compounds^8,9.  Phenols are discharged to water bodies from industrial effluents of pharmaceuticals, petroleum refineries, pesticide manufacturing, paint production, paper and pulp industries amongst others^10,11. A phenolic compound contain hydroxyl group(s) which are bonded directly to a benzene ring¹². These hydroxyl groups dissociate easily in water forming stable phenolate ions¹³. Their presence in water bodies is toxic and detrimental to the ecosystem¹⁴. This makes quality of such drinking water questionable for use. Maximum limit for phenolics in drinking water is 0.1 ppm¹⁵ beyond which such water is unsafe for consumption. 

Synthetic dyes are introduced to water bodies via wastes from leather, printing, textiles, food processing, paper, plastics and cosmetic industries^8,16. The rate at which they are discharged to aquatic environment is alarming and if not addressed can cause a serious environmental problem¹⁷. They are mutagenic, carcinogenic, toxic and non-degradable^6,18. They also have complex aromatic structures¹⁹ making it costly to treat such textile effluents using conventional decontamination technologies⁴.

Different conventional processes have been employed for elimination of dyes and phenolics from wastewater are such as ozonation^20,21,22, ion exchange^23,24, precipitation²⁵, coagulation-flocculation²⁶, photocatalytic degradation^27,28,29,30, electrochemical methods^31,32 and adsorption^13,33. Among them, adsorption technique have remained the most effective technique because of its effectiveness, simplicity and economical in water purification³⁴. Low-cost adsorbents such as moroccan clay³⁵, olive stones³⁶, corn cobs³⁷, egg shell³⁸, baobab fruit shell¹⁰ amongst others have been employed in the removal of various dyes and phenolic compounds. The paper presents a review of fixed-bed column studies of selected dyes and phenols using vast low-cost adsorbents.

2. COLUMN ADSORPTION STUDIES:

A packed bed column is a device that is packed with an adsorbent in which wastewater is passed through it and gets adsorbed onto the adsorbent surface¹¹. It is more convenient in its applicability in an industrial scale that deals with high flow rates^39,40. It is more preferred than batch due to its ease of operation, adoptability, flexibility, high liquid residence times and high removal efficiency with continuous operation^38,41,42. The set-up for a fixed-bed column is given in Figure 1⁴³:

Figure 1: A fixed bed column

Initially, there is rapid adsorption of the adsorbate due to less adsorbate available at the upper layers⁴⁴. The adsorbent becomes saturated as the entire pores in the zone are completely occupied following previous adsorptions⁴⁵. The adsorbate progresses to the un-adsorbed part of adsorbent in the column (mass transfer zone) where actual adsorption occurs⁴⁶. Afterwards, the column is completely saturated and therefore, no adsorption⁴⁷. At this point, the influent-effluent concentration ratio is 1. This generates a breakthrough curve summarized by figure 2 below⁴⁸:

Figure 2: A breakthrough curve

A breakthrough curve is a plot of influent-effluent concentration ratio as a function of treatment time⁴. It is employed to describe the efficiency of column operations⁴⁶. Breakthrough occurs when analyte of a certain influent concentration moves through the column at a certain period of time and leaves the column with a final concentration.

The various parameters such as the quantity adsorbed at breakthrough and at saturation times, removal efficiency, effluent volume, bed capacity, fractional bed utilization and mass transfer zone are determined to evaluate the column performance¹¹. The bed capacity is determined using equations 1 and 2^{38, 49} at breakthrough and saturation points respectively:

Where is the bed capacity at breakthrough time (mg/g), is the bed capacity at saturation (mg/g), m is the adsorbent mass (g). Q is the volumetric flow rate (mL/min), is the initial concentration (mg/L), C is the concentration at a time t, (mg/L), is the breakthrough time (min) and is the saturation time (min).

The total amount (q_total) adsorbed is determined from the area under the curve of adsorbed concentration (C_ad) versus time (t) multiplied by the flow rate, according to equation 3⁵⁰:

Where F is the flow rate (mL/min); t_total is the total flow time (min); C_ad is the adsorbed concentration (mg/L).

The maximum bed capacity (q_eq) can be calculated from the equation 4⁵¹:

Where w is the amount of the adsorbent (g) and  is total flow time (minutes).

The total amount (m_total) of the adsorbate pumped into the column is determined using equation 5:

Where, and Q is the total flow time (min) and volumetric inflow rate (mL/min), respectively⁵².

The removal efficiency at breakthrough is determined by equation 6⁵³:

The mass transfer zone  is calculated using equation 7⁵⁴:

Where  and  are breakthrough and saturation times respectively, Z is the length of the bed (cm).

The concentration of adsorbate that was not adsorbed at equilibrium in the column Ce (mg/L) is determined by equation 8⁵⁵:

3. COLUMN ADSORPTION DYNAMICS:

The various parameters of flow rate, influent concentrations, bed height and particle size amongst others affect have an effect on the breakthrough curves⁴⁹. The adsorption data from fixed bed column studies is analyzed at different column conditions using different kinetic models such as Thomas model, Adams -Bohart model, Yoon-Nelson model^{56, 57}, Clark model^{58, 59}, Wolborska model³⁴, bed depth service time⁶⁰ amongst others. They are discussed in the following sub-sections.

3.1 Thomas model:

The model assumes second order reversible kinetics and Langmuir isotherm adsorption⁴⁹. It is employed to calculate the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent⁶¹. The linearized form of the model is given by equation 9:

                                    (9)

Where  is the model constant (L/mg h),  is the maximum solid-phase concentration of solute (mg/g) and V the volume. A plot of  against time (t) yields a straight line used to calculate  and ⁶².           

3.2 Clark model:

The model assumes the Freundlich isotherm adsorption behavior and that the overall adsorption rate is determined by the mass transfer outside the adsorbate³⁸. The linearized form of the model is given by the equation 10:

                                (10)

where  and  (mg/L) are the effluent and influent concentrations respectively; n is the Freundlich isotherm parameter; A and ω are Clark constants.

3.3 Yoon-Nelson model:

The model describes a decrease in probability of the analyte adsorbing on the adsorbent as being proportional to the possibility of its adsorption and breakthrough from the column system⁴³. The model is a very simple as no detailed data concerning adsorbate features, adsorbent type and physical properties of the adsorbent bed⁶³. Its linearized expression is given by the equation 11¹⁹:

                                            (11)

where  (min⁻¹) is the rate velocity constant, and τ (min) is the time required for 50% adsorbate breakthrough (i.e. C_t/C₀ ≈ 0.5). The model parameters are determined from a linear plot of  against time (t).

3.4 Adams-Bohart model:

The basis of the model is on the surface reaction theory to describe the initial part of the breakthrough curve⁶⁴. The model assumes that equilibrium is non-instantaneous and that the rate of adsorption is proportional to the fraction of adsorption capacity⁶⁵. The model describes a fundamental correlation between the normalized concentration (C_t/C₀) and the bed height (Z) summarized by the linearized equation 12⁶⁶:

where t is the flow time (min),  is the model kinetic constant (L/mg/min),  is the maximum concentration at saturation (mg/L), Z is the bed height (cm), and is the superficial velocity (cm/min). A linear plot of  against time (t) is used to calculate  and  from slope and intercept respectively.

3.5 Wolborska model:

The model explains the adsorption behaveior based on diffusive mass transport phenomena for low concentration phase of breakthrough plots⁶⁷. Its linearized expression is given by the equation 13^{62, 68}:

where   is the kinetic coefficient of external mass transport (min⁻¹), is the superficial velocity (cm/min) and Z is the bed height (cm).

3.6 Bed depth service time model:

The model assumes that the rate of sorption is controlled by the surface reaction between the analyte and the unused adsorbent⁶⁹. This model is used to predict the relationship between bed depth (Z) and the service time (t)⁷⁰. Its linearized expression is given by the equation 14⁷¹.

Where  is the adsorption capacity (mg/g), and  is the model rate constant (l/mg/min). A linear plot of bed depth (Z) against time (t) yields a straight line that is used to determine  and .

The table below shows a summarized column adsorption kinetic modelling of experimental data for removal of selected phenols and dyes on different adsorbents:

Table 1: kinetic models for adsorption of selected dyes and phenols using low cost adsorbents

Adsorbent	Analyte	Optimum parameters	Bed capacity (mg/g)	Model	Reference
Nano graphene oxide	4-chlorophenol	Flow rate= 1 mL/min Concentration= 5 mg/L Bed height= 15 cm	145.2	Thomas Yoon-Nelson	56
Cassava peels (NaOH-Activated Carbon)	Metanil Yellow dye	pH= 5.32 Bed height= 10 cm Concentration= 100 mg/L Flow rate= 13.3 mL/min	4.12	Thomas, Yoon-Nelson and Clark	55
Corn Cob (Activated Carbon)	Phenol	Flow rate= 9 mL/min Particle size= 300 mm Concentration= 100 mg/L Bed height= 10 cm	8.570	Thomas, Adam Bohart Wolborska	49
Lantana camara Forest Waste	Phenol	Flow rate=15 mL/min Bed height= 10 cm Concentration= 150 mg/L	149.77	Thomas	11
Mesoporous materials (MCM-41)	Methyl green dye	Flow rate= 0.8 mL/min Bed height= 6 cm Concentration= 20 mg/L	20.97	Yoon- Nelson	72
Chitosan	Azo Dye	Flow rate= 0.8 mL/min Bed height= 8 cm Concentration= 100 ppm	6.80	Thomas Adams-Bohart Yoon-Nelson	63
Rice Husk (Activated Carbon)	Phenol	Bed depth= 7.5 cm Flow rate= 4.5 mL/min	28	Yoon Nelson Thomas	73
Magnetic Chitosan-Bamboo Sawdust	Bromothymol Blue acid dye	Flow rate= 20 mL/min Bed height= 5 cm	225.13	Thomas	74
Durian peel waste	Methylene blue	Bed height= 4 cm Concentration= 600 mg/L Flow rate= 10 mL/min	235.80	Thomas	75
	Crystal violet		527.64
Chitosan– glutaraldehyde	Direct Blue 71	Flow rate= 1 mL/min Concentration= 50 mg/L Bed height= 3 cm	343.59	Bed depth service time	4
Corn cob (Activated carbon)	Phenol	Bed height= 10 cm Initial concentration= 100mg/L Flow rate= 9mL/min Particle size= 300μm	8.570	Thomas, Adams-Bohart Wolborska	34

4. CONCLUSION:

From the reviewed work, it is evident that adsorbents such as Corn cob (Activated carbon), Chitosan, Durian peel waste, Rice Husk, Mesoporous materials (MCM-41), Lantana camara Forest Waste, Cassava peels and Nano graphene oxide are excellent in removal of dye and phenolics from aqueous solutions. Breakthrough curves at different process parameters of initial concentration, flow rate, bed height, pH and particle size are employed to design the column performance using different kinetic models such as Thomas, bed depth service time, Adams-Bohart, Wolborska, Yoon–Nelson and Clark.

5. REFERENCES:

1. Kumar, N.S., Shaikh, H.M., Asif, M. and Al‑Ghurabi, E.H. Engineered biochar from wood apple shell waste for high‑efficient removal of toxic phenolic compounds in wastewater. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11: 1-17.

2. Yahya, M. D., Aliyu, A. S., Obayomi, K. S., Olugbenga, A. G. and Abdullahi, U. B. Column adsorption study for the removal of chromium and manganese ions from electroplating wastewater using cashew nutshell adsorbent. Cogent Engineering. 2020; 7:1-18.

3. Chebet, E.B., Kibet, J.K. and Mbui, D. The assessment of water quality in river Molo water basin, Kenya. Applied Water Science. 2020; 10 (4): 92-101.

4. Jaime, L., Dalia, I., Reyna, G. and Ma, A. Study of a fixed-bed column in the adsorption of an azo dye from an aqueous medium using a chitosan–glutaraldehyde biosorbent. Adsorption Science & Technology. 2018; 36 (1–2): 215–232.

5. Nandababu, S.L. Physicochemical analysis of ground water qualities of some areas of Imphal East District of Manipur During pre-Monsoon – 6^th Phase. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2018; 11 (1):143-148.

6. Gupta, V.K., Suhas, Tyagi, I., Agarwal, S., Singh, R., Chaudhary, M., Harit, A., Kushwaha, S. Column operation studies for the removal of dyes and phenols using a low-cost adsorbent. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management. 2016; 2 (1): 1-10.

7. Ishtiyak, Q. and Chhipa, R. C. Studies on the Removal of Acid Violet 49 Dye by Activated Carbon obtained from Neem Leaves (Azadirachta indica). Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2017; 10 (3):345-348.

8. Sivarajan, A. and Shanmugapriya, V. Determination of isotherm parameters for the adsorption of Rhodamine B dye onto activated carbon prepared from Ziziphus jujuba seeds. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2017; 10 (3):362-368.

9. Sayyed, H., Mahzar, F., Mane, V. and Wankhede, D. Adsorption studies of acetic acid on the surface of sunnhemp. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2011; 4(1): 156-159.

10. Nedjai, R., Kabbashi, N.A., Alkhatib, M. and Alam, M. Removal of phenol from aqueous solution by adsorption onto baobab fruit shell activated carbon: Equilibrium and kinetics studies. Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques. 2020; 9 (3): 686-697.

11. Girish, C.R. and Ramachandra, M.V. Removal of phenol from wastewater in packed bed and fluidised bed columns: A Review. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences. 2013; 2 (10): 96-100.

12. Mwangi, I., Ngila, C., Ndung’u, P. and Msagati, T. Removal of phenolics from aqueous media using quaternised maize tassels. Journal of Environmental Management. 2014; 134: 70–79.

13. Ndiritu J., Mwangi I. W., Wanjau R. N. and Murungi J. I.  Uptake of p-Nitrophenol (PNP) from model aqueous solutions using raw and quaternised thorn melon (Cucumis metuliferus) peels. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2021; 14 (1): 1 – 6.

14. Álvarez-Torrellas, S., Martin-Martinez, M., Gomes, H.T. and García, O. Enhancement of p-nitrophenol adsorption capacity through N₂-thermal-based treatment of activated carbons. Applied Surface Science. 2017; 414: 424–434.

15. Eletta, O., Tijani, I. and Ighalo, J. Adsorption of Pb (II) and phenol from wastewater using silver nitrate modified activated carbon from groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) shells. The West Indian Journal of Engineering. 2020; 43 (1): 26-35.

16. Bizuneh, A., Tesfahun, K. and Benebru, S. Removal of congo red and methyl violet dyes from waste water by adsorption on Low-cost material. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2011; 4 (7): 1148-1157.

17. Mohamed, B.G., Nabila, S., Asma, O., Ayachi, S., Djamila, H, Zineb, M., Salah, E. and Bencheikh, S. Textile dye removal by adsorption on olive grain as solid waste from the olive oil extraction. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2020; 13 (6):424-432.

18. El-Sayed, G. Removal of methylene blue and crystal violet from aqueous solutions by palm kernel fiber. Desalination. 2011; 272: 225-232.

19. Dutta, M. and Basu, J. K. Fixed-bed column study for the adsorptive removal of acid fuchsin using carbon–alumina composite pellet. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2014; 11:87–96.

20. Yang, Y., Shi, X., Zhao, M., Chu, S. and Xiao, J. Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of phenol by a novel binary catalyst of Fe-Ni/MAC. Catalysts. 2020; 10 (10): 1-16.

21. Wang, S., Zhong, D., Qu, G., Ning, P., Quan, J., Chen, X., Sahari, B., Qin, Q. and Das, R. Degradation of phenol in wastewater with ozone produced by self-design ozone generator. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2016; 82: 1-8.

22. Zeng, Z., Zou, H., Li, X., Arowo, M., Sun, B., Chen, J. Chu, G. and Shao, L. Degradation of phenol by ozone in the presence of Fenton reagent in a rotating packed bed. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2013; 229: 404–411.

23. Mbugua, G., Mwangi, I., Wanjau, R., Ollengo, M., Nthiga, E. and Ngila. C. Facile removal of fluoride ions from water using triethylamine modified polyethylene adsorbent. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2020; 13 (1): 60-64.

24. Pinelli, D., Molina, B., Aurora, E., Kaushik, A., Basu, S., Nocentini, M., Bertin, L. and Frascari, D. Batch and continuous flow adsorption of phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater: A Comparison between nonionic and ion exchange resins. International Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2016; 2016:1–13.

25. Samuel N.N., Esther W.N., Ruth N.W. and James N. Kinetic modeling of Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions adsorption onto raw and modified Artocarpus heterophyllus L. seeds from a model solution. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2021; 14 (4):237-241

26. Thomas, M., Zdebik, D. and Niewiara, E. Removing phenols from post-processing wastewater originating from underground coal gasification using coagulation-flocculation and the H₂O₂/UV Process. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2018; 27 (6): 2757-2763.

27. Sarita, Y., Tyagi, D.K. and Yadav, O.P. The Kinetic and equilibrium studies on adsorption of rhodamine-B dye from aqueous solution onto rice husk carbon. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2011; 4 (6): 917-924.

28. Mohamed, A., Yousef, S., Nasser, W. S., Osman, T. A., Knebel, A., Sánchez, E. P. V. and Hashem, T. Rapid photocatalytic degradation of phenol from water using composite nanofibers under UV. Environmental Sciences Europe. 2020; 32 (1): 1-8.

29. Wanakai, S.I., Kareru, P.G., Makhanu, D.S., Madivoli, E.S., Maina, E.G. and Nyabola, A.O. Catalytic degradation of methylene blue by iron nanoparticles synthesized using Galinsoga parviflora, Conyza bonariensis and Bidens pilosa leaf extracts. SN Applied Sciences. 2019; 1 (10): 1148–1167.

30. Kasinathan, K., Kennedy, J., Elayaperumal, M., Henini, M. and Malik, M. Photodegradation of organic pollutants RhB dye using UV simulated sunlight on ceria based TiO₂ nanomaterials for antibacterial applications. Scientific Reports. 2016; 6 (1): 1-12.

31. Malviya, D., Sharma, S., Sharma, A. and Verma, S. Electrochemical method for dye industry waste water treatment. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2018; 5 (7): 2667-2673.

32. Medel, A., Bustos, E., Esquivel, K., Godínez, L.A. and Meas, Y. Electrochemical incineration of phenolic compounds from the hydrocarbon industry using boron-doped diamond electrodes. International Journal of Photoenergy. 2012; 2012: 1–6.

33. Amira, O., Fatiha, C., Rekia, C., Mounira, C., Mustapha, H. and Zoubir, B.A. Activated Carbons derived by Phosphoric acid Activation of Agricultural waste and their Adsorption of Methylene Blue. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2021; 14(6):435-440

34. Iheanacho, O.C., Nwabanne, J.T., Obi, C.C. and Onu, C.E. Packed bed column adsorption of phenol onto corn cob activated carbon: linear and nonlinear kinetics modeling. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2021; 36: 80–93.

35. Bennani, K.A., Mounir, B., Hachkar, M., Bakasse, M. and Yaacoubi, A. Adsorption of cationic dyes onto Moroccan clay: Application for industrial wastewater treatment. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science. 2015; 6 (9): 2483-2500.

36. Nouri, H. and Ouederni, A. Modeling of the dynamics adsorption of phenol from an aqueous solution on activated carbon produced from olive stones. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications. 2013; 4 (4): 254-261.

37. Pablo, D.R., Adriana, S.F. and Leandro, S.O. Batch and column studies of phenol adsorption by an activated carbon based on acid treatment of corn cobs. IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2015; 7 (6): 459-464.

38. Nguyen, T.A., Nguyen, V.T., Tran, T., Le, T.Q. and Nguyen, N.H. Batch and column adsorption of reactive dyes by eggshell powder–chitosan gel core-shell material. Moroccan Journal of Chemistry. 2021; 9 (1): 18-27.

39. Karunarathne, H. and Amarasinghe, B. Fixed bed adsorption column studies for the removal of aqueous phenol from activated carbon prepared from sugarcane bagasse. Energy Procedia. 2013; 34: 83 – 90.

40. Unuabonah, E.I., Olu-Owolabi, B.I., Fasuyi, E.I. and Adebowale, K.O. Modeling of fixed-bed column studies for the adsorption of cadmium onto novel polymer-clay composite adsorbent. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 179:415-423.

41. Sales, F., Serra, R., Figueirêdo, G., Hora, P. and Sousa, A. Wastewater treatment using adsorption process in column for agricultural purposes. Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science. 2019; 14 (1): 1–9.

42. Vazquez, G., Alonso, R., Freire, S., Alvarez, J.G. and Antorrena, G. Uptake of phenol from aqueous solutions by adsorption in a Pinus pinaster bark packed bed. Journal of Hazardous Materials B. 2006; 133: 61–67.

43. Marzbali, M.H. and Esmaieli, M. Fixed bed adsorption of tetracycline on a mesoporous activated carbon: Experimental study and neuro-fuzzy modeling. Journal of Applied Research and Technology. 2017; 15: 454–463.

44. Barros, M., P., Arroyo, A. and Silva, E. A. General aspects of aqueous sorption process in fixed beds. Intechopen. 2013; 1-24.

45. Cundari, L., Afrah, B D., Utami, D.I. and Matondang, N.I. Adsorption model in removal of direct synthetic dyes in aqueous solution onto tea waste. Journal of Physics. 2019; 1-9.

46. Chowdhury, Z., Hamid, S. and Zain, S. Evaluating design parameters for breakthrough curve analysis and kinetics of fixed bed columns for Cu (II) cations using lignocellulosic wastes. BioResources. 2015; 10 (1): 732-749.

47. Patrick, U.A. and Cosmas, U. Studying and modeling dynamic adsorption of Lead (II) ion onto fixed bed column of activated carbon of plantain peels and bamboo. Science Journal of Environmental Engineering Research. 2016; 2016: 1-16.

48. Patel, H. Fixed‑bed column adsorption study: a comprehensive review. Applied Water Science. 2019; 9: 45-61.

49. Obi, C., Iheanacho, C., Nwabanne, J. and Onu, C. Packed bed column adsorption of phenol onto corn cob activated carbon: Linear and nonlinear kinetics modeling. Research Square. 2020; 1-48.

50. Girish, C.R. and Ramachandra, M.V. Adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution using Lantana camara, forest waste: Packed bed studies and prediction of breakthrough curves. Environmental Process. 2015; 2:773–796.

51. Luo, X., Deng, Z., Lin, X. and Zhang, C. Fixed-bed column study for Cu²⁺ removal from solution using expanding rice husk. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2011; 187 (1–3): 182–189.

52. Yanhong, L., Yinian, Z., Zongqiang, Z., Xuehong, Z., Dunqiu, W. and Liwei, X. Fixed-bed column adsorption of Arsenic (V) by porous composite of magnetite/hematite/carbon with eucalyptus wood microstructure. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management. 2018; 26 (1): 38–56.

53. Chittoo, B.S. and Sutherland, C. Column breakthrough studies for the removal and recovery of phosphate by lime-iron sludge: Modeling and optimization using artificial neural network and adaptive Neuro-fuzzy inference system. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2020; 1-56.

54. Sotelo, J.L., Ovejero, G., Rodríguez, A., Álvarez, S. and García, J. Study of natural clay adsorbent sepiolite for the removal of caffeine from aqueous solutions: batch and fixed-bed column operation. Water Air Soil Pollution. 2013; 224 (3):1–15.

55. Isiuku, B.O. and, Horsfall, M. Packed-bed column adsorption of Metanil Yellow (MY) from simulated wastewater using granular NaOH-activated carbon from cassava (Manihot esculenta) peels. World News of Natural Sciences. 2017; 14: 11-35.

56. Eslami, A., Mehralian, M. and Moheb, A. A study of 4-chlorophenol continuous adsorption on nano graphene oxide column: model comparison and breakthrough behaviors. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination. 2017; 7 (3): 272-279.

57. Rouf, S. and Nagapadma, M. Modeling of fixed bed column studies for adsorption of Azo dye on chitosan impregnated with a cationic surfactant. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 2015; 6 (2): 538-545.

58. Negrea, A., Mihailescu, M., Mosoarca, G., Ciopec, M., Duteanu, N., Negrea, P. and Minzatu, V. Estimation on fixed-bed column parameters of breakthrough behaviors for gold recovery by adsorption onto modified/functionalized amberlite XAD7. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17: 1-14.

59. Sazali, N., Harun, Z. and Sazali, N. A review on batch and column adsorption of various adsorbent towards the removal of heavy metal. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences. 2020;  67 (2): 66-88.

60. Sugashini, S. and Begum, K. Column adsorption studies for the removal of Cr(VI) ions by ethylamine modified chitosan carbonized rice husk composite beads with modelling and optimization. Journal of Chemistry. 2013; 2013: 1-11.

61. Chauhan, Y.P. and Talib, M. Performance evaluation of column dynamics for phenol adsorption by coal fly ash. Elixir Chemical Engineering. 2016; 97: 42131-42136.

62. Yunnen, C., Ye, W., Chen, L., Guo Lin, Jinxia, N. and Rushan, R. Continuous fixed-bed column study and adsorption modeling: Removal of arsenate and arsenite in aqueous solution by organic modified spent grains. Pol. Journal of Environmental Studies. 2017; 26 (4): 1847-1854.

63. Shadeera, R. and Nagapadma, M. Modeling of fixed bed column studies for adsorption of Azo dye on chitosan impregnated with a cationic surfactant. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 2015; 6 (2): 538-545.

64. Kiran B, Kaushik A Cyanobacterial biosorption of Cr(VI): application of two parameter and Bohart Adams models for batch and column studies. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2008; 144 (3):391–399.

65. Shah, A.J., Soni, B. and Karmee, S.K. Locally available agroresidues as potential sorbents: modelling, column studies and scale‑up. Bioresources and Bioprocessing. 2021; 8:34-47.

66. Vairavel, P., Gautham, J. and Nakul, R. Continuous fixed-bed column studies on congo red dye adsorption-desorption using free and immobilized Nelumbo nucifera leaf adsorbent. Polymers. 2022; 14: 54-76.

67. Muthamilselvi, P., Karthikeyan, R.  Kapoor, A. and Prabhakar, S. Continuous fixed‑bed studies for adsorptive remediation of phenol by garlic peel powder. International Journal of Industrial Chemistry. 2018; 9: 379–390.

68. Preetha, B. and Viruthagiri, T. Batch and continuous biosorption of chromium (VI) by rhizopus arrhizus. Separation and Purification Technology. 2007; 57:126–133.

69. Singha, S. and Sarkar, U. Analysis of the dynamic column using semi-empirical models: Case studies with removal of hexavalent chromium from effluent wastewater. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2015; 32 (1): 20–29.

70. Markovska, L., Meshko, V. and Noveski, V. Adsorption of basic dyes in a fixed bed column. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2001; 18 (2): 190-195.

71. Aydın, S., Nur, H., Traore, A., Yıldırım, E. and Emik, S. Fixed bed column adsorption of vanadium from water using amino-functional polymeric adsorbent. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2021; 209: 280–288.

72. Saja, M.A., Talib, M.A. and Jamal, M.A. Adsorption of the methyl green dye pollutant from aqueous solution using mesoporous materials MCM-41 in a fixed-bed column. Heliyon. 2020; 6: 1-7.

73. Mohammad, Y.S., Shaibu-Imodagbe, E.M., Igboro, S.B., Giwa, A. and Okuofu, C.A. Adsorption of phenol from refinery wastewater using rice husk activated carbon. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment. 2014; 5 (4): 393-399.

74. Tabrez, A.K. and Momina, N. Enhanced adsorptive removal of a model acid dye bromothymol blue from aqueous solution using magnetic chitosan-bamboo sawdust composite: Batch and column studies. American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 2015; 34 (5): 1444-1454.

75. Thuong, N.T., Nhi, N., Nhung, V., Bich, H., Quynh, Bach, B. and Nguyen, T. A fixed-bed column study for removal of organic dyes from aqueous solution by pre-treated durian peel waste. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry. 2019; 19 (2): 486 – 494.

Received on 27.01.2022                    Modified on 17.03.2022

Accepted on 21.05.2022                   ©AJRC All right reserved

Asian J. Research Chem. 2022; 15(3):189-194.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-4150.2022.00032