Elucidate the Ground water Quality Parameters of Malpura Block
(Tonk-Rajasthan-India)
Girja Shanker Tailor1, Meenu Mangal1, C.P.S. Chandel2
1Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry Poddar International College, Mansarovar,
Jaipur - 302020, Rajasthan, India.
1Vice Principal and Head, Professor, Department of Chemistry Poddar International College, Mansarovar,
Jaipur - 302020, Rajasthan, India.
2Ex -Head, Department of Chemistry University of Rajasthan Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: chandelcps2@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Water is the most natural and important essential to the whole universe. Water is a universal solvent and renewable natural resource. In nature, water exists in liquid, solid and gaseous states. Water is one of the most essential substance to the Ecosystem. Better Quality of water described by its physicochemical characteristics. But some Correlation was Possible among these Parameters and the Significant One would be Useful to Indicate Quality of water1.
Ground water is among the Nation’s most precious natural resources. Groundwater is the most important basis of drinking water in both municipal and rural India.
India is heading towards a freshwater menace mainly due to inappropriate controlling of water assets and environmental decomposition, due to this the safe water are not easily access by lots of persons. India's speedily increasing population and varying way of life has also increased the native need for water. Groundwater disaster is not the effect of natural issues; it has been initiated by human activities.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
Recently various authors carried out extensive studies on ground water quality and its suitability for various purposes. Recently a number of writers carried out wide studies on ground water quality and its appropriateness for various purposes. A complete chemical quality valuation of groundwater resources in the Talensi District has been studied by Bismark Awinbire Akurugu et. el2. The study sought to determine the main controls of groundwater chemistry and its suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes in the district. A review studied on “Quality Assessment of Groundwater resource in Centre India region by Arun Verma et.al.3. A comprehensive valuation of groundwater quality in the city of Madinah, Saudi Arabia was carried out by Bob, M et al4. The main objective was to evaluate whether the groundwater in the city was contaminated by outflow from different sources. Prasad et. al.6 have studied the hydro chemical characteristics and evaluation of ground water quality of Tumkur Amanikee Lake Watershed, Karnataka, India. Devangee Shukla et. al.8 studied the deviations of the physicochemical assets of water samples and primary yield of the water bodies at different areas of Ahmedabad. Fuzzy inference tool has been used to develop a model for assessing groundwater quality in Dungargarh Block of Bikaner district in Rajasthan by Srinivas et. al.5.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Study Area:
Malpura is located at 26.28şN 75.38şE. It has an average altitude of 132 metres (401feet) and it is situated at 100 kms from the state capital Jaipur. Malpura is a municipality in Tonk district (Rajasthan- India). Malpura is main pilgrimage Centre of Dada Jin Kushal Suri, a famous Acharya of Khartar Gachchh sect of Swetambar Jain. Malpura is also known for Avikanagar (4 km from Malpura) due to CSWRI (Central sheep and wool research institute). This study aims to identify the various physico - chemical parameter of ground water in Malpura Tehsil (Tonk district, Rajasthan).
Water sampling and Analysis:
The present work is based on the sampling and analysis of ground water from different locations and adjacent places of Malpura Tehsil (Tonk) conducted during the pre-monsoon seasons (March- June 2011). In order to assess the various parameters of ground water, ten samples were collected from open wells, hand pumps and bore wells. Water analysis is usually expressed in milligrams per litre and in parts per million (ppm), means the number of parts of substance per million parts of water. The unit is also known as milligram per litre (mg/L) or grams per cubic meter.
Ground water samples were taken in well washed one litre polythene containers (bottles), which were previously soaked in 10 percentage HNO3 and thoroughly rinsed with deionized distilled water. Glass containers were not preferred because trace metals are absorbed on to the walls of the containers. For chemical and physical analysis of water, sufficient water samples (2 liters) were collected under different conditions to allow measurements to be made properly.
The Physical-chemical parameters play an important role in categorizing and evaluating water quality9. The observation of physical parameters like pH, EC and TDS were done at the site itself using a portable water quality analyzer or by pH – meter (Mettler Toledo). For remaining of the analysis, water samples were preserved and bought to the laboratory. Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Sulphate (SO42–), Chloride (Cl–), Carbonate (CO32–) and Bicarbonate (HCO3–) were analyzed by volumetric titration methods; Nitrate (NO3–) using by spectrophotometry (ELICO–CL–54D); while Fluoride (F–) by spectrophotometry (AIMIL–C160–80314) and ion selective electrode method and; Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) by flame photometry (ELICO–CL–220). All the parameters were analyzed as per APHA standard methods.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
Ten groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for domestic purposes in the following ten adjacent locations of Malpura tehsil (Tonk –Rajasthan). The results of the groundwater analysis were evaluated for chemical characteristics of groundwater. From the physico–chemical data of the Table-1 can be deduced that: -
pH:
The detected pH value of ground water samples wide-ranging 7.15 to 7.85, which indications that samples of water were alkaline in nature. The average value of pH was observed 7.46. All samples with in permissible limit of pH
EC:
Electrical conductivity of the ground water samples varied from 965 µs cm-1 to 3225 µs cm-1 at 25°C and average value was observed 1827.3 µs cm-1 The maximum limit of EC in drinking water is 1500 µs cm-1 as prescribed by WHO. The ground water samples (S1, S2, S5, S9, S10) exceed the permissible limit.
TDS:
When water samples heated to dryness, then weight residue left which is shown by TDS. The TDS value of ground water samples varied from 625 to 1750 mg/ L. The extreme value of total dissolved solid in water is 1000 mg/L. All Ground water samples exceed the permissible limit except S4 S7 and S8, as prescribed by WHO.
Calcium (Ca2+):
The Calcium concentrations are varied from 20.5 to 70.2 mg/ L and average value was observed 35.95mg/. All samples are within permissible limit as prescribed by W H O.
Magnesium (Mg2+):
The Magnesium concentration are varied from 29.5 to 85.1 mg/ L and average value was observed 50.68 mg/ L All value is in limit, which was given by WHO.
Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+):
The sodium and potassium concentration are varied from 109.5 to 526.2 mg/ L and 12.6 to 53.6 mg/ L respectively.
Sodium Percentage (Na%):
The sodium percentage was calculated by: -
|
Na % = |
(Na+ + K+) |
× 100 |
|
Ca2+ + Mg 2+ + Na+ + K+ |
Here all concentration is expressed in meq. /L. The value of Na % is varied from 45.05 to 90.72 (Table -2).
Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR):
The sodium hazards represented in the form of the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). This is quantifying the amount of sodium to calcium and magnesium ions in a water sample. SAR is important parameter for to know the quality of ground water for irrigation purpose. The sodium adsorption ratio was calculated by using Richard equation: -
SAR = (Na+ meq/l) / √ [(Ca2+ meq/l) + (Mg2+ meq/l) /2
Here all concentration is expressed in meq. /L. Sodium adsorption ratio varied from 10.59 to 55.56 meq. /L. [ Table -2]
Residual Sodium Carbonate:
In water having high concentration of bicarbonate there is tendency for calcium and magnesium to precipitate as carbonates. To explain this effect an experimental parameter termed as residual sodium carbonate was used. RSC is calculated as follows:
RSC = (CO32-+ HCO3- ) - (Ca2++ Mg2+)
Where the concentrations are reported in meq. /L. Residual sodium carbonate varied from 37.4 to 457.8 meq. /L(Table-2)
Carbonate (CO32-) and Bicarbonate (HCO3-):
Carbonate and bicarbonate concentration varied from 0.0 to 150.2mg/L and 91.52 to 568.2mg/L respectively.
Chloride (Cl-):
The chloride concentration varied from 60.2 to 869.5 mg/L. The maximum permissible limit of chloride for drinking water is specified as 400mg/L. Ground water sample S6 to S10 exceed the maximum permissible limit as per WHO standard.
Sulphate (SO42-):
The Sulphate concentration varied from 102.2 to 871.2 mg/L and average value 389.12mg/L was observed. The S4 to S10 samples, exceed the permissible limit as prescribed by WHO standard.
Fluoride (F-):
The fluoride concentration varied from 0.5 to 8.1mg/ L and average value 2.73mg/L was observed. Ground water samples (S5 to S10) exceed maximum permissible limit of fluoride in drinking water prescribed as WHO. These ground water samples are very hazardous for human consumption.
Nitrate (NO3-):
The nitrate concentration varied from 2.5 to 14.9mg/L and such values are under the limit as prescribed by WHO standard. Excessive amount of NO3- in portable water in considered hazardous for infants because in their intestinal track is reduced to nitrate which may cause Methaemoglobinaemia also called “blue baby syndrome”. Nitrate concentration is excess in drinking water also creates several problems like cyanosis tumors, oral cancer of colon, rectum or other gastrointestinal cancers Lymphomodispsmia etc.
CONCLUSION:
The Physical and chemical parameters of ground water quality are studied in terms of sources, impacts, definition, effects, and measuring methods. The classification of water according to its quality is also covered with a specific definition for each type.
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Received on 14.02.2022 Modified on 08.04.2022
Accepted on 27.05.2022 ©AJRC All right reserved
Asian J. Research Chem. 2022; 15(3):207-209.
DOI: 10.52711/0974-4150.2022.00035