An Overview on Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical, and Clinical Significance of Selected Dietary Polyphenols

 

Arjun Singh¹*, Rupendra Kumar²

¹Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University,

Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.

²Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,

Bhagwant University, Sikar Road, Ajmer, Rajasthan305004, India.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: arjunphar@gmail.com

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Polyphenols are a group of naturally occurring secondary metabolites that may be found in a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, cereals, and drinks like red wine^1,2. These secondary metabolites have been shown to be important in the protection of a variety of disorders, including cancer and cardiovascular disease^3,4. Polyphenols also provide protection against UV light and infections, among other things. Bitterness, astringency, colour, taste, and odour are all characteristics of polyphenols in food.

 

Oxidative stability against oxidative stress is a major trait that plays a vital influence in sick states. Due to the multiple health advantages of food polyphenols, substantial study has been undertaken, and it strongly

 

supports that frequent use of polyphenol-rich dietary supplements reduces the risk of cardiovascular illnesses⁶. Polyphenols have been linked to a variety of different illnesses, including diabetes, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's⁷. More than 8000 polyphenolic chemicals have been discovered in various plant species, some of which may be found in the fruits of plants like strawberries and berries. Over 8000 polyphenolic chemicals have been isolated from diverse plant species, some of which may be found in plant fruits such as strawberries and berries. The majority of plant phenols are derived from a common intermediary such as phenylalanine or a separate precursor such as shikimic acid⁸. The most prevalent types are conjugated with structural changes such hydroxylation, methoxylation, and glycosylation. Amines, carboxylic and organic acids, and lipids connected with other phenols are examples of structural relationships⁹.

 

 

Figure 1: A flow diagram of pharmacological effects of different polyphenols and their chemical structures.

 

Polyphenols are classified into several classes based on the arrangement and quantity of phenol rings present, as well as the addition of functional groups to the phenol rings. Polyphenols are classified as flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and lignans^10-15.

 

Several environmental and edaphic factors, including as maturity, harvest timing, soil type, sun exposure, the presence of surrounding alleliopathic crops, and rainfall, all contribute to polyphenol concentration^16-20. During ripening, the concentration of phenolic acids decreases while the content of anthocyanin increases^21-25.

 

Several epidemiological studies have found a substantial link between polyphenol-rich diet and illness prevention. Polyphenol-rich foods have been proven to have therapeutic capabilities in a variety of disorders, including Parkinson's, stroke, several forms of cancer, and coronary heart disease^26-30. As a result, we now have a better grasp of polyphenols' biological activity and mechanism. Polyphenols have been found to reduce oxidative stress when combined with other dietary components such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids.

 

 

Figure 2: A flow diagram of classification of polyphenols and their study selection of initial and updated literature searches (inclusion and exclusion) for the systematic review based on the scope of polyphenols.

 

 

Figure 3: Some chemicals structures of major Phyto polyphenols

 

METHODS:

Materials:

The available information on various plants based traditionally used polyphenols for pharmacological, ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and treatment of disorders was collected through electronic databases searches using PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, as well as a library search for articles published in peer-reviewed journal articles in this review survey.

 

Table 1. The Effect of Dietary Polyphenols on DNA Methylation^31-45

 

Table 2. The Pharmacological Effect of Dietary Polyphenols^46-51

 

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVE:

Several studies using epidemiological studies, animal studies, and human clinical trials show that polyphenols have therapeutic effects on a variety of pathologies, including cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and inflammation⁹; they also have anticancer¹⁰ and neuroprotective properties. These therapeutic processes are accomplished through their considerable antioxidant qualities²², inhibition of intracellular kinase activity, disruption of cell-to-cell communication through binding to cell surface receptors, and disruption of cell plasma membrane integrity. Several epidemiological and clinical investigations have demonstrated polyphenols' medicinal potential and advantages.

 

However, the precise significance of these molecules has yet to be determined. Beneficial benefits of polyphenol dietary supplementation can be attained at supraphysiological quantities, which have been shown to be hazardous. Understanding the mechanisms, such as inhibitory activity/potency of these molecules of the specific functional group, enables for the development of more powerful and selective analogues. Extensive structure-activity studies have resulted in the development of more structurally selective analogues, such as the polyphenolic metabolite quercetin-3-O-amino acid esters, which were more beneficial for Src tyrosine kinase than EGF receptor kinase. One key technique used to boost the potency of the chemicals is to employ analogues of the original drug.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The author has no conflicts of interest.

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

The author would like to thank NCBI, PubMed and Web of Science for the free database services for their kind support during this study.

 

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Received on 14.03.2022                    Modified on 17.08.2022

Accepted on 02.12.2022                   ©AJRC All right reserved