Performance Evaluation of Mentha longifolia Plant for Domestic Waste water Treatment under arid climate conditions (Tamanrasset region, Algeria)

 

Abdelaziz Bouhoreira^1*, Benzahi Khedidja², Brahim labed³, Zorai Ameur⁴, Serraoui Mabrouk⁵, Sabrina Batoul Benachoura⁶, Benzahi Rabia⁷

¹Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, 39000, Algeria.

²Laboratory of Water and Environmental Engineering in the Saharan Region, Ecole Normal Supérieure, University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, PO Box 511, 30000, Algeria.

³Laboratory of Water and Environmental Engineering in the Saharan Region, Ecole Normale Supérieure, University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, PO Box 511, 30000, Algeria.

⁴Laboratory of Water and Environmental Engineering in the Saharan Region, Faculty of applied sciences, Department: civil and hydraulic engineering, University of Kasdi Merbah, Ouargla, PO Box 511, 30000, Algeria

⁵Laboratory of Water and Environmental Engineering in the Saharan Region,

University of Kasdi Merbah, Ouargla, PO Box 511, 30000, Algeria.

⁶Laboratory of Sciences & Environment University of Tamanghasset, Algeria.

⁷Laboratory for the Protection of Ecosystems in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones,

Department of Technical Sciences, University of Kasdi Merbah B.P. 511, Ouargla 30000, Algeria.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: bouhoreira-abdelaziz@univ-eloued.dz, abdealazizb@gmail.com

 

 

 

1. INTRODUCTION:

Water resources are one of the most valuable natural resources. The proper use of water resources depends on appropriate management. Effluent reuse is proposed as an efficient solution to improve the management of water resources.

 

Polluted water can cause various diseases, decrease the fish population and the diversity of fauna in and close to bodies of water. Because of the paucity of wastewater treatment facilities, copious amounts of human waste are released into rivers and other water bodies which then are contaminated by pathogens, heavy metals and excess nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen (Naturvårdsverket, 2014; Frérot, 2011).^{01, 02, 03, 04}

 

Unacceptable health and aesthetic problems are associated with untreated sewage pooling on the ground surface, or being directly discharged into receiving waterways⁰⁵. Over population and industrialization are the factors mainly responsible for adding pollutants in water, Water bodies and waterways are the main targets for disposing the pollutants. The prevailing purification technologies used to remove the contaminants are too costly and sometimes non-eco friendly also. Therefore, the research is oriented towards low cost and eco friendly technology for waste water purification^{06, 07}

 

Waste-water is the combination of liquid or water-carried wastes originating in the sanitary conveniences of dwellings, industrial facilities and institutions, in addition to any ground water, surface water and storm water that may be present. The ultimate goal of wastewater management is the protection of the environment in a manner commensurate with public health and socioeconomic concerns. Wastewater treatment is becoming even more critical due to diminishing water resources.^{06, 08, 02, 03}

 

The paper discusses the potential and the role of plants or vegetation to assist the treatment of industrial and residential wastewater, which mainly constitutes from organic material etc.

 

Constructed wetland treatment systems have gradually gained acceptance around the world as design (Brix, 1987; Reed et al., 1988; WPCF, 1990)^{02, 09}. The first experiments aimed at the possibility of wastewater treatment by wetland plants were undertaken by Käthe Seidel in Germany in the early 1950s at the Max Planck Institute in Plön. Seidel then carried out numerous experiments aimed at the use of wetland plants for treatment of various types of wastewater¹⁰

 

Small-scale constructed wetlands for domestic wastewater treatment are a relatively new technology, and the physical, chemical and biological processes, which facilitate treatment, are still poorly understood. Several recent volumes have been published discussing the progress being made in our understanding of how these systems function^{11, 05} Examples (K. Yahiaoui 2020, Zineb 2021)^{12, 04}

 

The inconsistent treatment results suggest that further research is needed to optimize system functioning. In particular, knowledge of the roles played by plants in these treatment systems is still lacking⁰²

 

Plants facilitate microbial activity in both natural and constructed wetlands by providing attachment sites, carbon and oxygen in the rhizosphere (Armstrong, 1964; Brix, 1994, 1997)

 

While plant roots are usually ineffective in bulk oxygenation of the wastewater stream, local oxidized environments on or near root, surfaces can harbor aerobic microbes which are thought to promote many treatment processes.⁰²

 

Water quality improvement mechanisms in wastewater treatment wetlands Nutrient and solids removal in wetlands is facilitated by shallow water. productivity, (Mitsch and Gosselink, 1993). In addition, slow water flow causes suspended solids to settle from the water column in wetlands¹³

 

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:

2.1. Study area:

Study area was located in the south Algeria (2000 km from Algiers capital), Hoggar, with Tamanrasset town as its administrative headquarter. Hoggar is divided into several natural regions, the mountainous massifs divided into two main regions: the Tefedest to the North and the Atakor in the center of the massif where it culminates the highest summits of Algeria (Tahat: 3003 m; Ilaman: 2739 m; Assekrem: 2726 m) and surrounding wall tassilian to the periphery. Crossed by the tropic of cancer (22° 33'N), the Hoggar submitted to an influence of two climatic regimes: The Mediterranean regime (moderate) and the tropical regime (Sudanese). With its exceptional geographical situation; Hoggar is between a real ecological shelter of strong floristic and faunistic diversity. Several types of floras were different according to their biogeographic origins: A Mediterranean flora, a flora saharosindian; a flora soudano-décanian; a cosmopolitan flora; and an endemic flora (Sahki and Sahki-Boutamine, 2004; Chenoune, 2005).¹⁴

 

The average temperature is 13°C in January and 31°C in July, the maximum temperature in July is 36°C and the minimum in January 5°C. The winds are very irregular. The largest frequency is recorded in April 3.2m/s, however the maximum precipitation is in August 136mm¹⁵

 

2.2. Ethnobotanical survey:

Plant material (Mentha longifolia) were collected from Ablasta (Tamanrasset ), The ethnobotanical information was mainly were collected between July, 2019 to March, 2020. Plant were identified by National Institute of Forest Research (Algeria) and by the use of the flora of Ozenda (1983); as well as by the use of other publication on aromatic and medicinals plants (Benchalah et al., 2004) ¹⁴

 

The general requirements of plants suitable for use in wastewater treatment systems include - Ecological acceptability; i.e., no significant weed or disease risks or danger to the ecological or genetic integrity of surrounding natural ecosystems; - Tolerance of local climatic conditions, pests and diseases; -Tolerance of pollutants and hypertrophic waterlogged conditions: - Ready propagation, and rapid establishment, spread and growth⁰⁹

 

The comparison of treatment efficiency of vegetated and unplanted filters is not unanimous, but most studies have shown that systems with plants achieve higher treatment efficiency, The vegetation has mostly a positive effect, i.e. supports higher treatment efficiency, This could be explained by increased oxygen supply to the rhizosphere through plant roots as compared to unplanted filters.

 

The presence of plants may have a negative effect on the removal of substances which are transformed under anoxic and/or anaerobic conditions such as nitrate and sulphate¹⁶

 

By far the most frequently used plant around the globe is Phragmites australis (Common reed). Species of the genera Typha (latifolia, angustifolia, domingensis, orientalis and glauca) and Scirpus (e.g. lacustris, validus, californicus and acutus) spp. are other commonly used species. In many countries, and especially in the tropics and subtropics, local plants.⁰⁹

 

The research was conducted at the Tamanrasset, municipal wastewater treatment facility. Two plastic basin of 130 L, were filled with pea gravel (15/25)to either 45cm

 

The troughs were initially filled with gravel and filled with tap water. Plant were trans planted from farm ponds . Each trough received 18 L of primary treated wastewater per day, Retention time was estimated at about 5 days.

 

The wastewater data were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance⁰². Multiple comparison tests (‘contrasts’) were performed between influent vs. no plants (effect of gravel alone), and no plants vs. a planted trough (effect of vegetation).

 

 

2.3. Sampling methods:

A water samples were collected between 8 and 10 a.m. on a monthly basis for a four months period. The information were collected between Januarys, to April 2021. Samples were taken at the manifold inflow (primary clarified wastewater) and outflow sample ports of troughs. Samples were collected in autoclaved sample bottles and packed on ice in insulated coolers for transport to the laboratory.

 

2.4. Physical/chemical analyses:

Water temperature, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), dissolved oxygen (DO), and conductivity were taken in the field. Significant differences between influent and effluent water quality for the beds were observed in TSS, BOD₅, and TKN. TSS and BOD₅ were measured following standard protocols (American P.H.A.S.M, 1998) ¹¹

 

2.5. Algerian Norms of Rejected Waters:

Wastewaters are characterized by physicochemical and bacteriological parameters. These parameters are used to determine their possible origin and know the importance of their pollution load. Until they are rejected in the natural environment, they must obey standards established to protect the environment from pollution. Therefore, they should be pre-treated before being discharged. They undergo several phases of treatment.

 

According to Algerian standards the maximum limits values for the effluents are shown in Decree n° 06-141, corresponding to 19 April 2006 regulating discharges of liquid and industrial effluents. ^{17, 18}

 

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The influent wastewater flow was equally divided between the two basins allowing the data to be paired. The side-by-side analysis offered the best comparison of the two systems (beds planted, no planted).

 

It has been shown that the values of parameters such as temperature, pH, organic content, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids (TSS) impact the wastewater quality.

 

The most relevant pollution impact of wastewater is organic matter. The pollution level of organic matter in water bodies is roughly predicted by analyzing chemical oxygen demand (COD) or biological oxygen demand (BOD), which estimates the extent of chemical and biological oxidation, respectively.^{19, 20}

 

3.1. Temperature:

 

Figure 1. Temperature assessment (°C) during the four months.

 

The ambient temperature during the experimental period ranged from 6 to 30°C providing good growing conditions for the microorganisms and the plants in the beds. In January, the coldest month of the year, generally the climate in Tamanrasset is soft. In April, generally the climate in Tamanrasset is hot.

 

Temperature has a decisive role in many processes of wastewater treatment. The temperature is considered the most challenging one in wastewater treatment methods, particularly BTW (Obaid et al. 2015). However, the temperature of wastewater is indicated as a quite major parameter that has effect on biological treatment and aquatic life. ²¹

 

In this study, the use of gravel and Mentha longifolia for wastewater treatment, enhanced the decreased temperature on average by about 5°C in témoin and 7°C in planted bed.

 

Basically, Decrease, in the temperature of the wastewater to caused a change in the solubility of oxygen in water (increased in the saturation concentration Cs), the activity rate of bacteria and the rate of gases which are transferred to and from water (Viessman et al. 2009; Von Sperling and de Lemos Chernicharo 2005; Von Sperling 2007; Popel 1979). Moreover, oxygen is considered less soluble in warm water than in cold water. On the other hand, increasing the temperature causes an increase in BOD removal efficiency, (Von Sperling et al 2005) (Zhiwei et al. 2009)²¹

 

3.2. pH:

pH of the effluent wastewater is used to measure the hydrogen ion activity in the effluent water (Ochado et al., 2016).²² The results described the differentiation in pH for the plants beds during the investigation. As shown in Table 1 for Mentha longifolia bed, the minimum values were noted in April with 6.23 and maximum values 7.35 in January. while no-planted bed (control), recorded the highest value in February with 7.73 and the minimum value in April with 7.01. However, Algerian standard A has recommended a maximum permissible limit of pH 5.5–8.5, the observed pH values for the beds were within the described and suitable range, with standards for industrial effluents in Algeria.

 

Table 1. Variation of pH in the effluent during the four months

 

The pH values of the wastewater were within the alkaline range in all the months analyzed. The values observed did not exceed the recommended limit of 8.5 (DPR, 1991) and were all within the permissible range (FEPA, 1991).²³Generally, The pH of Raw water average value 8.56 this values are within the not accepted range for Algerian law.¹⁷

 

3.3. Total Suspended Solids (TSS):

TSS values are used to monitor and assess efficacy of wastewater treatment plants to guarantee the health of effluent receiving water bodies. Discharge of settle able solids to water a body increases sedimentation rates and often destroy and alter habitats for aquatic organisms. ²⁴

 

The quantity of the suspended material at the wastewater treatment plant entrance varies between 105 mg/L and 360 mg/l. as shown in Fig 2. The output concentration ranged from 14 mg/L to 37 mg/L with planted bed and from 18 mg/L to 42 mg/L with non-planted bed. Therefore, these values of the suspended matter at the output are conforming within the range of the specific limit values of domestic rejection. ²⁵

 

The total suspended solids (TSS) of planted bed and non-planted bed (control) 30 mg/L, 37mg/L respectively. Was significantly lower than that of inlet (360 mg/L).TSS removal of 91.66% for example was observed in the study implying that the treatment beds is efficient in ensuring that impact of effluents is reduced.

 

 

Figure 2. Monthly variations of TSS (mg/l) and removal efficiencies

 

Suspended matter, expressed in mg/l, represents all mineral and organic particles contained in wastewater. The knowledge of the concentration of the colloidal elements in wastewater is necessary in the assessment of the impact of pollution on the aquatic environment (Chaouki et al., 2013; Nacir et al., 2010).²⁵

 

3.4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD₅)

BOD₅ are the most commonly used parameters for the characterization of wastewaters.This parameter is a good indicator of the biodegradable organic matter content of natural, polluted or wastewater (Belghiti et al., 2009) This parameter measures the amount of oxygen required to destroy organic matter through aerobic oxidation phenomena. (Abouelouafa, et al, 2002).

 

The BOD₅ concentrations show that the entrance of the wastewater treatment plant varies between 65mg/L and 177 mg/L. The average values in the output ranges between 15 mg/L and 44 mg/L with planted bed of Mentha longifolia and with no planted bed (control) between 17.5 mg/L and 68 mg/L. These values of BOD₅ at the output conform to specific domestic release limits values.

 

3.5. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD):

The (COD) is expressed in mg O₂/L, and it corresponds to the amount of oxygen required for chemical degradation in five days. Moreover, this can be seen under defined conditions of the organic or inorganic matter contained in the water. (Bouchouata et al 2009). Consequently, the COD allows the appreciating of the concentration of organic or mineral matter, dissolved or suspended in water, through the amount of oxygen necessary for their total chemical oxidation. ²⁵

 

The COD values at the wastewater treatment plant entrance ranged from 158 mg/L to 380 bed of Mentha longifolia and with non-planted bed (control) between 37 mg/L and 105 mg/L. These values of COD at the output conform to specific domestic release limits values of Algeria.mg/L, The average values in the output ranges between 30 mg/L and 86 mg/L with planted

 

Figure 3. Monthly variations of BOD₅ and removal efficiencies

 

 

 

Figure 4. Monthly variations of CDO and removal efficiencies

 

3.6. Dissolved oxygen (DO):

Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.) is the level of molecular oxygen in the wastewater solution expressed as milligrams per liter (mg/l) (Kerri et al., 2006). Dissolved oxygen is an extremely important characteristic of water quality for any application (hydroponics, fish farming, aquariums, etc) including wastewater treatment. In this way, DO should always be monitored during secondary treatment to ensure safe levels for sanitation and the external environment. ²⁶

 

hen enough dissolved oxygen is present, this converts the non-settle able solids (dissolved and colloidal matter) into settle able solids, carbon dioxide, water, and energy.²⁶

 

Figure 5. Monthly variations of DO and removal efficiencies

 

The dissolved oxygen for planted bed in this study between 1.79 to 2.25 mg/l. In order to metabolize food and reproduce, each microorganism (or bug) must have at least 0.1 to 0.3 mg/L DO. ²⁷ If the DO content is too low, the environment is not stable for these bugs and they will die due to anaerobic zones, the sludge will not be properly treated.

 

A previous study found a range of 1.5 to 1.7 mg/l to be the best set point for complete nitrification and denitrification to occur (Habermayer and Sanchez, 2005). ²⁶

3.7. Chloride:

Table 02. Monthly variations of chloride and removal efficiencies

Chloride is categorized as a pollutant for many reasons. Chloride is necessary for water habitats to thrive, yet high levels of chloride can have negative effects on an ecosystem. Chloride may impact freshwater organisms and plants by altering reproduction rates, increasing species mortality, and changing the characteristics of the entire local ecosystem. ²⁸

 

The chloride concentration of wastewater was varied from 5 to 5.3 mg/L and the treatment results are summarized in table 02. The removal efficiency for planted bed was gradually increased from 84.90 % in February to 90% in April. On the other hand, the removal efficiency for témoin bed was gradually increased from 78.43 % in March to 80% in April

 

Regardless of the chloride concentration. The removal efficiency for chloride was dramatically increased, especially at the planted bed, implying both effect of plants or vegetation and gravel on Chloride concentration in Wastewater.

 

3.8. Phosphorus:

The removal of phosphorus through plant uptake and the decomposition of organic phosphorus increase with temperature. Have been observed at wastewater treatment with planted beds.

 

The total phosphorus average removal efficiency during the wastewater treatment between 49.04 and 66.5% achieving the max efficiency of 75.92% with planted beds. This could be attributed the variation to effect of Phosphorus removal bacteria.

The results indicated by (Yindong Tong and all 2020) highlight the need for more efficient nitrogen reduction in addition to phosphorus reduction in wastewater treatment to reduce risk for phytoplankton blooms and toxin production and to maintain ecosystem biodiversity in waterbodies. ²⁹

 

Table 03. Monthly variations of phosphorus and removal efficiencie

 

Large amounts of phosphorus in water can lead to pH changes and changes in water oxygen levels that can be detrimental to aquatic life. Phosphorus is also a nutrient that is responsible for eutrophication. ³⁰

 

3.9. Nitrate and Nitrite:

The presence of nitrite in drinking water and wastewater is undesirable owing to its harmfulness to environmental ecology and even human health³¹. Nitrogen present in wastewater as mostly organic nitrogen, ammonium/ammonia and nitrate must be treated to meet stringent effluent requirements imposed by legislation.

 

Nitrogen is present in water as inorganic ions and organic compounds. Nitrogenous substances would benefit the growth of the plant. However, natural water will be seriously polluted if nitrogenous materials are in excess. Eutrophication happens when the concentration of nitrogen exceeds 0.20 mg/L.³²

 

Table 04. Monthly variations of NO^-₃ (mg/l) and removal efficiencies

 

Table 05. Monthly variations of NO^-₂ (mg/l) and removal efficiencies

 

Based on the observed results showed in Tables 04 and 05 for planted bed by Mentha longifolia, the Nitrate values were varied from 0.72 mg/L to 1.65 mg/L. The maximum value was observed in March while the minimum was in January. On the other hand, the values of nitrite in the effluent for the planted bed varied from 0.21 mg/L to 0.35 mg/L and the highest value was observed in January while the lowest value was in March.

 

The experimental results were shown in Tables 04 and 05. The concentration of nitrate nitrogen was decreased from 3.85 mg/L to 1.21 mg/L, with the best yield value at 68.57 %. While the concentration of nitrite nitrogen was lowered from 0.73 mg/L to 0.23 mg/L, with the best yield value at 68.49 %

 

According to the Algeria standard for effluent sewage discharged, effluent of planted bed is applicable to discharge into any other inland waters, the river, or Algeria waters. However, discharging limit of nitrate and nitrite need to equal or less than 40 mg/L. ^{22, 17}

 

The nitrate and nitrite removal efficiencies were 57.39∼65.57% and 56.79∼68.49%, respectively for planted bed. In addition, this result is higher than that in témoin bed.

 

Because aquatic plants absorb N, P, and other elements during their growth process, nutrients can be removed from wastewater through harvesting to consequently purify eutrophic water³¹. Several studies have shown effective methods of N removal in wastewater by plants, ^{34, 35, 36}

 

4. CONCLUSIONS:

In general, attempts to use plants from wastewater treatment are still need to develop, many plant species have been used but only several species have been used frequently. Those plants are usually local species, which are easily available and grow well under local climatic conditions.

 

Plants can play a significant role in treatment wastewater. The results of this study showed that plants contribute more to pollution removal and our results indicated that Mentha longifolia species have great potential in the treatment of wastewater. Based on the obtained results the concentration of the DO, BOD₅, COD, Nitrate, Nitrite, phosphorus, Chloride and Temperature, Suspended Solids, pH for the effluent wastewater found within the permissible limit prescribed by Algerian standard.

 

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

We thank all the persons of the study area for their cooperativeness. We are also very thankful to National Institute of Forest Research (Tamanrasset, Algeria) for their help in collecting and identification of plant species.

 

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Received on 08.08.2022                    Modified on 28.10.2022

Accepted on 02.12.2022                   ©AJRC All right reserved