Assessment of Thiruvarur region groundwater samples using Physicochemical parameters

 

D. Kannan1*, N. Mani2, T. Durgadevi3

1Department of Chemistry, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur, India.

2,3Department of Chemistry, A. V. V. M. Sri Pushpam College, Poondi, Thanjavur, India.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: kannanchemist1989@gmail.com

 

ABSTRACT:

Groundwater is one of the most important sources of water for drinking and irrigation purpose in the world. So water quality analysis is important one. Hence we choose to determine physicochemical parameter of Thiruvarur region groundwater. In this study, 10 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed various physicochemical parameters such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, pH, TDS, etc., and compare with BIS limit value for determine the drinking water quality. From the research Results the groundwater sample numbers S3, S5, S6, S7 and S8 was slightly alkaline in nature, because these region groundwater has slightly excess of TDS and Total Alkalinity (TA) compare than BIS limit. However, all the water samples has low hardness, SO4-, NO3-, etc., Hence, we are concluded the collected groundwater samples is suitable for drinking and irrigation purpose.

 

KEYWORDS: Groundwater Quality, Thiruvarur region, Chemical Parameters, Drinking water, Hardness of water.

 

 

1. INTRODUCTION:

Groundwater has become the major source of water supply for domestic, industrials and agricultural sectors of many countries, but unfortunately in many countries including India the groundwater was contaminated by many sources such as chemical waste, hospital waste, and kitchen waste1. So the ground the groundwater quality analysis is very important one2,3,4 because the contaminated groundwater cause many disease to human beings such as kidney problem, heart problem, cancer, etc.,5-10 Now a day many researchers involved to analyze the water quality, because the human being mainly dependent the groundwater. D. Kannan and co - workers reported the groundwater samples of Thiruvarur and Nagapatattinam region has excess of TDS, TA, Ca2+, Fe3+ compare than BIS drinking water quality guideline11-14.

 

From the report the researcher concluded that the collected groundwater samples of both Thiruvarur and Nagapattinam region was contaminated and also most of the region groundwater in Tamil Nadu was contaminated by alkali earth metals and heavy metals5-10. On this background, we carried out this study with an objective to evaluate the status of the physicochemical parameters and their specific sources in the groundwater of Thiruvarur region. This is a vital step in future groundwater developments in this region.

 

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:

2.1. Study area:

Thiruvarur is located in Tamil Nadu and the groundwater sample collection point at 10.59 N and 79.58E latitude; Fig – 1 showed the location of groundwater samples was collected from Thiruvarur region and table -1 is given about sampling points of Thiruvarur region.

 

Fig -1: Groundwater samples collection point (Study area)

 

Table – 1: Sampling point of Thiruvarur region

Sampling Place

Sampling point No.

Manjanavadi

S1

Rayanallur

S2

Maruthur

S3

Pallivarthi

S4

Verkudi

S5

Nagangudi

S6

Kudikatu

S7

Mankootai

S8

Assheam

S9

Thattankovil

S10

 

2.2. METHODOLOGY:

A total ten ground water samples were collected from bore wells of study area (fig-1), using pre cleaned sterilized poly -propylene plastic bottle with cap. The collected groundwater samples were kept in the refrigerator and the water quality is analyzed by the following Indian Standard methods9-17.

 

Table 2: Methods used for estimation of various physicochemical parameters.

Parameters

Methods

PH

PH Metric

Colour

Platinum - Cobalt method

Taste

Taste rating method

Odour

Olfactory method

Turbidity

Nephelometric method

Total Alkalinity

Indicator method

Chloride

Argento metric method

Sulphate

Turbidity method

Calcium

EDTA Titrimetric method

Magnesium

EDTA Titrimetric method

Manganese

Colour comparison method

Nitrate

Chromotropic acid method

Nitrite

Spectro photometric method

Iron

Spectro photometric method

Phosphate

Spectro photometric method

Chromium

Spectro photometric method

 

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The physicochemical parameters of collected groundwater samples were analyzed by above mentioned Indian standard methods and the quality is compared with BIS desirable limit. The values are given in table - 3 and 4.

 

3.1. Colour, Taste and Odour:

The collected groundwater sample is colorless, Tasteless and Odour less nature and these values are given in table – 3.

 

3.2. Turbidity:

The more total suspended solids in the water, the murkier it seems and the higher the turbidity. The turbidity of collected groundwater samples lie between 0.3 NTU to 1.2 NTU (Table -3).

 

3.3. Electrical Conductivity (EC):

The Conductivity of water is defined as 'the ability or power to conduct or transmit electricity. Its unit is mS/cm. Conductivity of the collected groundwater samples range from 0.72 to 1.56 ms/cm. The data values are given in table number – 3.

 

3.4. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS):

Total Dissolved Solids is the total amount of mobile charged ions, including minerals, salts or metals dissolved in a given volume of water, expressed in units of mg per unit volume of water (mg/L), also referred to as parts per million (ppm). The total dissolved solids of Thiruvarur region groundwater range from 290 mg/l to 714 mg/l; In Thiruvarur region collected groundwater sample number S3, S5, S6, S7 and S8 has more concentration of TDS compare than BIS limit. If we drink long time of these selected groundwater samples will cause abdominal problems. The data variations are given in table number -3, fig-2.

 

3.5. Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH):

It is very helpful for determination of acidity and alkalinity of water14, 18. It is easily analyzed by pH metric method. From our study we reported, the collected groundwater samples pH range from 7.24 to 7.69. This is neutral pH; this pH of collected groundwater does not cause any problems to human beings. The values are given in table number – 4.

 

3.6. Total Alkalinity (TA):

Generally the groundwater of alkalinity depends upon the concentration of carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxides of water samples. It is easily determine by the absorbance of H+ (acid Vs base titration)10, 19. The collected groundwater samples were found range from 76.01 mg/l to 305.27 mg/l. In this region few sample has more alkalinity compare than BIS drinking water quality guideline. Hence these water samples cause abdominal problem to human beings and also reduce the plant yield; the data values are given in table number – 4 and fig – 3.

 

3.7. Phosphate (PO43 -):

Agricultural effluents and detergents are the main source of phosphate in water; the collected groundwater samples phosphate content ranging from 3.47 to 4.16 m/l. The data values are given in table – 4.

 

3.8. Chloride (Cl -):

Generally the Chlorides are not usually harmful to people; however, the sodium part of table salt has been linked to heart and kidney disease2, 10, 20. Sodium chloride may impart a salty taste at 250 mg/L; however, calcium or magnesium chlorides are not usually detected by taste until levels of 1000 mg/L are reached; from our research report, the groundwater samples of Thiruvarur region is low concentration of chloride compare than BIS limit (See: table -4 and fig – 4). Hence, the chlorides of collected water samples are not cause any problems to human beings.

 

3.9. Sulphate (SO42-):

Sulfate is one of the major dissolved components of rain. High concentrations of sulfate in the water we drink can have a laxative effect when combined with calcium and magnesium21-24. The collected groundwater samples had sulphate levels ranging between 0.29 mg/l to 1.41 mg/l and lying within below the desirable limit recommended by BIS. The data values are given in table number – 4 and the variation showed in figure – 5.

 

3.10. Nitrate (NO3- ):

Nitrate is a compound that is formed naturally when nitrogen combines with oxygen or ozone. Nitrogen is essential for all living things, but high levels of nitrate in drinking water can be dangerous to health, especially for infants and pregnant women. In my research report, the collected water samples were found to have nitrate concentration ranging from 0.62mg/l to 1.79mg/l; these water samples are lying within BIS limit. The data variation showed fig -6 and value are given in table – 4.

 

3.11. Nitrite (NO2- ):

Nitrites are a salt or ester anion of nitrous acid, which can be naturally or artificially occurring in groundwater. Nitrites come from fertilizers through run-off water, sewage, and mineral deposits25, 26. The nitrite content of Thiruvarur region groundwater was found to be within of the BIS describe limit (see: table- 4 and fig-7).

 

3.12. Calcium and Magnesium (Ca2+ and Mg2+):

Calcium and magnesium is very essential to human beings for bone strength, but at the same time if you use more concentration of calcium and magnesium cause many disease to human beings26, 27. The limited value of calcium is 75 mg/l and magnesium is 30 mg/l, it is recommended by BIS.

 

The magnesium and calcium of collected groundwater samples number S3, S6, S7 and S8 were exceeding compare than BIS limit. The data values are given in table number 4 and fig -9.

 

3.13.           Iron (Fe3+):

Iron usually exists in ferrous and ferric forms; Generally the ferric form is predominant in natural water1, 28. We are reported the iron content of the Thiruvarur region groundwater samples range between 0.02 mg/l to 0,39 mg/l; from our study, we are concluded the collected groundwater samples are lying below the detectable limit except sample number (S8).

 

3.14.           Manganese (Mn2+):

All the water samples had manganese content lying below the detectable limits of BIS

 

3.15.           Chromium (Cr6+):

All the water samples had chromium content lying well below well below the detectable limits (BDL). It is determined by compare with standard limited values29.

 

Table – 3: Physical parameters and its values of Thiruvarur region groundwater samples

Sample No.

Colour

Taste

Odour

Turbidity

EC

TDS

S1

1HU

Taste less

Odour less

0.4NTU

0.72

331

S2

1HU

Taste less

Odour less

0.4NTU

0.87

399

S3

1HU

Taste less

Odour less

0.8NTU

1.22

580

S4

1HU

Taste less

Odour less

0.3NTU

0.65

300

S5

1HU

Taste less

Odour less

0.7NTU

1.13

531

S6

1HU

Taste less

Odour less

1.2NTU

1.56

714

S7

1HU

Taste less

Odour less

0.7NTU

1.21

554

S8

1HU

Taste less

Odour less

1.0NTU

1.43

665

S9

1HU

Taste less

Odour less

0.3NTU

0.62

290

S10

1HU

Taste less

Odour less

0.4NTU

0.68

308

BIS Limit

2HU

Agreeable

Agreeable

2NTU

-

500 mg/l

 

Table – 4: Chemical parameters and its values of Thiruvarur region groundwater samples

Parameters

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

S7

S8

S9

S10

BIS Limits

pH

7.39

7.3

7.26

7.24

7.24

7.3

7.48

7.44

7.69

7.36

6.5 - 8.5

TA

131.1

186.3

247.6

93.17

207.1

297.9

305.2

288.1

155.7

76.01

200 mg/l

Chloride

94.97

112.96

118.46

44.98

115.96

181.94

62.48

150

44.98

102.96

200 mg/l

Sulphate

1.29

1.25

1.41

1.25

0.041

1.12

0.87

0.37

0.29

0.79

200 mg/l

Nitrate

1.78

1.24

1.02

1.78

0.91

0.09

1.79

1.35

0.72

0.6

45 mg/l

Nitrite

0.0015

0.0017

0.0026

0.0017

0.0022

0.0028

0.0013

0.054

0.005

0.0008

0.1 mg/l

Phosphate

BDL

1.25

1.32

1.38

1.22

1.3

1.24

1.5

1.33

1.4

-

Calcium

30.45

47.29

56.5

31.26

47.69

65.72

43.28

80.55

30.45

34.06

75 mg/l

Magnesium

17.74

29.16

43.26

17.98

28.19

51.04

45.2

50.06

25.76

16.04

30 mg/l

Iron

BDL

0.02

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.39

BDL

BDL

0.1 mg/l

Chromium

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

-

Manganese

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

-

 

 

Fig 2: TDS Variation of the Study area

 

Fig. 3: TA Variation of the Study area

 

Fig. 4: Chloride Variation of the Study area

 

Fig. 5: Sulphate Variation of the Study area

 

Fig. 6: Nitrate Variation of the Study area

 

Fig. 7: Nitrite Variation of the Study area

 

Fig. 8: Phosphate Variation of the Study area

 

Fig. 9: Ca2+, Mg2+ Variation of the Study area

 

4.    CONCLUSION:

From my research result, we are concluded the physicochemical parameters of collected groundwater samples are lying within the BIS prescribed limit; Hence, most of Thiruvarur region collected groundwater samples is suitable for drinking and irrigation purpose, but at the same time few water samples of Thiruvarur region (S3, S5, S6, S7 and S8) has slightly excess of TDS, Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions; so These region groundwater need of some treatment for improve drinking water quality and the results of the physicochemical examination of this region could be helpful in the management of its water quality.

 

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Received on 04.08.2022                    Modified on 09.01.2023

Accepted on 04.05.2023                   ©AJRC All right reserved

Asian J. Research Chem. 2023; 16(4):251-256.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-4150.2023.00042