Membrane Filtration of Surface water and Groundwater and the Application of Nanotechnology - A Far-reaching Review and a Visionary Future
Sukanchan Palit
Assistant Professor (Selection Grade), Energy Cluster, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies,
Post-Office - Bidholi via Premnagar, Dehradun - 248007, India.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: sukanchan68@gmail.com, sukanchan92@gmail.com, sukanchanp@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Man’s immense scientific stance and fortitude and mankind’s technological vision will be the true torchbearers in research endeavor in any aisles of science and engineering. Thus membrane science will be the pillars towards water sustainability. A new truthful era in science and technology will prevail if governments and non-governmental organizations across the globe takes immediate positive steps in the implementation of large scale membrane separation tools in water and wastewater treatment. In this treatise, the authors deeply delves into the world of groundwater and surface water remediation with the help of membrane separation processes and nanotechnology (nanomaterials and engineered nanomaterials).
AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY:
Human mankind and engineering science are today in the path of newer scientific ingenuity and vast scientific resilience. Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in many developing and developed nations around the world. Nature’s gifts are today veritably destroyed by population growth and economic progress. Thus the need of conventional and non-conventional environmental engineering techniques. Human suffering, human struggle and human retribution are at its extreme in present day human civilization. In Bangladesh and India, arsenic and heavy metal groundwater contamination are causing havoc to human race. The primary aim and objective of this treatise is to detail on the scientific success and scientific integrity in the field of membrane separation processes and nanotechnology. The applications of nanotechnology involves the applications of nanomaterials and engineered nanomaterials. The other areas of scientific deliberation and purpose are the areas of advanced oxidation processes and ozonation technology. Desalination technology is another area of deep scientific introspection and engineering regeneration. In water scarce countries around the world, desalination technique is a major marvel of science and engineering. The authors deeply described with vision and purpose the various environmental engineering techniques and nanotechnology tools in the treatment of surface water and groundwater. Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in many countries around the globe. The authors in this treatise deeply reiterates the scientific truth, the vast engineering destiny and the scientific firmament behind the application of membrane science and desalination tools in treatment of surface water and groundwater. Climate resilience and ecological resilience are today in the heart of environmental protection science. There is an immense need of scientific fortitude and scientific divination in the application of membrane separation processes such as reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and ultrafiltration. The authors deeply justifies these issues with persuasiveness and deliberation in this article.
Environmental management, sustainability, resource efficiency and the vast and varied world of membrane science:
Today, scientific competence, knowledge and vast scientific integrity are the utmost necessities in the research pursuit in environmental remediation. Environmental management and sustainable development should be integrated with environmental engineering techniques such as membrane filtration and membrane science. The vast world of membrane science and advanced oxidation process needs to be reinvented and rediscovered as civilization moves forward. Today is the world of Fourth Industrial Revolution. Circular economy, green economy and green engineering are the pillars of human civilization today. Thus the authors reiterates the importance of green sustainability and circular economy in the progress of human civilization. Inclusive growth, economic progress and knowledge prowess of human mankind will surely go a long way in the future research and development initiatives in environmental engineering. In the present day human civilization, ecological engineering, ecological resilience and ecological preservation are the utmost needs of the moment. Membrane science, novel separation processes and advanced oxidation processes will definitely open newer paths of scientific innovation in human scientific progress in decades to come.
What do you mean by membrane separation process and desalination technique?
Membrane separation techniques and desalination tools are the heart of chemical process engineering and environmental engineering science. Global pure drinking water shortage is of immense scientific introspection and contemplation in developing and under-privileged nations around the world. Arsenic and heavy metal groundwater and surface water contamination stands in the critical juncture of human perseverance, human transcendence and the vision of engineering science. South Asia particularly Bangladesh and India are in the throes of a difficult and vexing question of provision of clean drinking water and provision of proper sanitation. Thus membrane separation tools and desalination techniques will veritably lead a long and effective way in unveiling the scientific truth behind industrial wastewater and drinking water treatment.
The current and visionary situation of global landscape of drinking water and industrial wastewater treatment:
Global scientific and engineering vision and stance in the field of environmental protection and water sustainability are in the middle of deep scientific introspection. The situation is grave as man and mankind surpasses one visionary frontier over another in the field of water and wastewater treatment. Human scientific advancements today depend on the implementation of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The needs for clean drinking water and proper sanitation are an integral part of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Circular economy and green economy will today go a long and visionary way in the true emancipation and true realization of environmental engineering science, chemical engineering and nanotechnology. Man and mankind’s knowledge prowess and biosphere stewardship will surely usher in a new era in the field of water and wastewater treatment. The needs of advancements in human race are the proper implementation of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Ecological engineering, ecological resilience and environmental integrity will surely go a long and visionary way in the true realization of conventional and non-conventional environmental engineering techniques. Provision of clean drinking water and proper sanitation are today the primordial pillars of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. A deep rethought and a deep scientific introspection and rejuvenation will help human civilization to achieve United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Recent scientific advancements in the field of membrane filtration and separation processes of surface water and groundwater:
Today’s scientific advancements in the field of membrane filtration of surface water and groundwater are in the path of newer rejuvenation. Reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and ultrafiltration are the holy grails of industrial wastewater treatment today. Today groundwater heavy metal contamination and surface water arsenic and heavy metal contamination are degrading the entire scientific and engineering landscape today. Scientific research endeavor, the redeeming of science and the scientific urge to excel will surely go a long and visionary way in the true unveiling of environmental engineering science, chemical engineering, geological sciences, biotechnology and the vast domain of nanotechnology. Thus a comprehensive review in the field of membrane filtration of surface water and groundwater is the absolutely need of the hour. In this chapter, the author deeply delves into the vision and ingenuity of the science of novel separation processes such as membrane science. Truly a newer beginning and newer scientific imagination will evolve as civilization, science and engineering moves towards a visionary scientific frontier. Human being and human scientific advancements are today in the same process of development. Research and development initiatives in the field of environmental protection, water sustainability and environmental integrity needs to be streamlined as civilization, man and mankind moves towards a newer eon of scientific forbearance and scientific redemption.
Palit et al. (2021)1 deeply discussed with scientific conscience and determination minerals and metals in the global scenario and environmental sustainability. Environmental and energy resources sustainability are the immediate needs of the vision of science and technology globally. The authors deeply discussed the vast scientific doctrine of environmental sustainability, sustainable resource management, integrated water resource management, and the vast vision for the future. The other areas of research pursuit are today’s mineral and metal industry and the vast needs of environmental sustainability. This article also discusses recent scientific prowess and research endeavor in the field of environmental sustainability, wastewater treatment and mineral and metal industry. Membrane filtration and separation processes are today integrated with the global landscape of manufacturing engineering and water sustainability. Water and wastewater treatment will surely open new doors of scientific innovation and vision in days to come.1
Membrane filtration and membrane separation processes are today in the path of engineering vision and deep scientific redemption. Interdisciplinary research today is the order of the day. In this article, the authors deeply dealt with conventional and non-conventional environmental engineering with a larger scientific understanding of engineering and technology.
Recent scientific, engineering and technological advancements in the field of environmental sustainability and nanotechnology:
Environmental or green sustainability are the sine qua non of industrial wastewater treatment and drinking water treatment. Environmental sustainability and environmental remediation science are today akin to the scientific progress of in the field of diverse areas of applied science such as biological sciences, biotechnology, geological sciences, nanotechnology and material science. A new dawn in the field of composite science, nanocomposites and material science will evolve as mankind, vision of science and engineering profundity moves in the right direction. Green or environmental sustainability are today in the pinnacle of scientific reinvention, scientific reinvention and the deep vision of engineering science. In this section, the author deeply delves into the success of the application of the green sustainability in diverse areas of human scientific pursuit. Environmental sustainability, energy sustainability, environmental management and sustainable development are today interlinked with each other. The author deeply reiterates this vision of science and engineering of environmental management with purpose, vitality and persuasiveness as man and civilization moves forward.
Palit et al.(2021)2 described with immense vision and scientific insight green sustainability and the application of polymer nanocomposites and its vast and varied vision for the future. The authors discussed in details the needs and the challenges in the application of both polymer nanocomposites and green sustainability. A new generation of science and engineering are evolving today in the field of nanocomposites, nanomaterials and engineered nanomaterials. Green engineering and green chemistry are the true marvels of science and technology today. Sustainability whether it is energy, environmental or socio-economic will change the vast and varied scientific fabric. The authors discussed in details the scientific doctrine of green sustainability, the vast scientific applications of nanocomposites, green sustainability and environmental protection, and recent scientific advancements in green or environmental sustainability. A deep scientific introspection on nanomaterials and nanocomposites in environmental protection are the other hallmarks of this article. Science and engineering will have a newer beginning and a newer scientific vision if nanotechnology can be integrated with environmental sustainability today.2
Green sustainability, environmental sustainability, water integrity and green nanotechnology are today at the forefront of human civilization and human scientific endeavor today. Nanotechnology should be integrated with other diverse areas of natural sciences such as clinical chemistry, agronomy and forestry. In this treatise the authors discussed with vision and foresight the needs of environmental sustainability and also energy security and energy sustainability in the greater scientific realization of global research and development forays.
Recent scientific advancements in the field of nanotechnology and nano-engineering applications in water and wastewater treatment:
Application of nanotechnology in the field of water and wastewater treatment are today in the path of newer scientific regeneration and scientific validation. Verve, scientific alacrity and scientific splendor are the primordial issues of scientific regeneration in environmental integrity and clean water-energy nexus today. Industrial water pollution and mass urbanization are the difficult issues facing humankind and human scientific progress today. In the similar vision, industrial wastewater management and integrated water resource management are the absolute needs of global public health engineering initiatives today. Civil and infrastructure engineering are today in the path of newer scientific reintegration. Environmental engineering science and infrastructure engineering are today interlinked with each other. Nanotechnology, nano-materials and engineered nano-materials are the marvels of science and technology today. In this section the author deeply and profoundly depicts the application of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the field of water and wastewater treatment. A newer domain in the field of science and technology will surely evolve and humankind will veritably be greatly emancipated as nanotechnology enters and rejuvenates the field of environmental engineering science and chemical engineering science. Nanotechnology and nano-engineering are in the path of new scientific imagination. Nano-engineering and manufacturing engineering are today integrated to each other today. There is an immense need of nanotechnology in the proliferation of science and technology in the global scenario. Nanotechnology is revolutionizing the entire global scenario of Fourth Industrial Revolution. In this section, the author delves and understands the need of the application of nanotechnology in all areas of science and engineering. An astounding era in nanotechnology, environmental engineering and chemical process engineering if academicians, students, researchers, policy makers, governments and civil societies around the world takes affirmative steps in the proper implementation of sustainability and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Application of nanotechnology and sustainability in human society and human race are one of the primordial pillars of Sustainable Development Goals. The author deeply delves into the utmost needs of nanotechnology in the proper emancipation and proper proliferation of science and technology in the global phenomenon. A new and genuine era of science and technology will truly usher in if nanotechnology and nano-engineering are implemented and applied at the utmost with the visionary steps of science and technology.
Palit et al.(2021)1 deeply discussed with lucid and cogent insight industrial wastewater treatment and mineral and metal industry. Nanotechnology is a marvel of science and engineering globally and needs to integrated with vast avenues of science and technology today. Heavy metals and arsenic groundwater remediation are targets of human civilization today. The author in this article deeply discusses the global status of environmental sustainability, industrial manufacturing and application of nanotechnology. Surely a newer dawn in human civilization will evolve if scientists, engineers and policy makers across the globe takes active steps in the proper implementation of nanotechnology concepts and integrated water resource engineering and management.
Palit et al.(2020)3 deeply discussed with scientific vision and purpose modern manufacturing and nanomaterial perspective. The authors deeply discussed the scientific doctrine of the domain of nanotechnology, modern science, modern manufacturing and the nanomaterial perspective. Application of nanomaterial and engineered nanomaterials in human society and scientific forays are the absolute needs of the hour. The authors also discussed environmental sustainability and nano-manufacturing. Future recommendations of this study and futuristic vision in the application of nanomaterials are the cornerstones of this study.3
Nanotechnology and nano-engineering in water resource engineering and management will surely usher in a new epoch in science and technology globally. The authors stresses the immense needs of nanotechnology and nano-engineering in the futuristic emancipation of science and technology in the global landscape.
The challenges of arsenic groundwater and drinking water remediation:
The humanitarian challenges in the field of arsenic groundwater remediation are today immense and far-reaching. Global water issues along with human suffering and poverty are ravaging nations around the world. A new beginning is ushering in the field of environmental protection science and water sustainability. Today is the world of Fourth Industrial Revolution. Circular economy is gaining importance day by day. The redeeming and divination of science in the field of application of circular economy in human society will surely evolve new scientific innovations and instinct in decades to come. Sustainable development and environmental management are two opposite sides of the global visionary coin. Arsenic groundwater remediation should be linked with environmental sustainability. New scientific notions in Fourth Industrial Revolution are circular economy and sustainable resource management. Mankind’s vast knowledge, competence, intellect and learning and teaching pedagogy will veritably open feasible areas of research arenas in groundwater and drinking water treatment in decades to come. Today necessity is the mother of invention. Scientific truth, scientific divination and vast scientific and engineering vision will veritably lead human kind towards a newer eon in the field of drinking water and industrial wastewater treatment. Today there are immense challenges in groundwater remediation research. Environmental engineering curriculum, teaching and learning pedagogy, intellect, creativity, enthusiasm and dedication in the similar vein will lead man and mankind towards a greater scientific understanding and scientific discernment in water sustainability. Water sustainability and water remediation are today akin to each other. Arsenic and heavy metal groundwater contamination are the cause of immense scientific catastrophe in the global front today. Circular economy, sustainability whether it is energy or environmental are the needs of human race today. A newer scientific regeneration will truly emancipate if biodiversity challenges are met and intellectual biodiversity are made the primordial pillars of human race today.4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15
Climate change mitigation, adaptation, ecological engineering, ecological resilience and the visionary future:
Environmental engineering and ecological engineering are today in the avenues of deep scientific revival as climate change and global warming ravages the global scientific roadmap and the engineering landscape. Carbon neutrality and environmental integrity are the absolute needs of the hour. Human suffering, human struggle and human economic growth in nations around the world are today akin to United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The visionary goals of environmental and energy sustainability are the scientific truth and the scientific adjudication in the path towards human progress. Today we are in a state of vast scientific ingenuity and at the same time deep scientific disaster as environmental catastrophes plunders human mankind. Human suffering, human struggle and human poverty are today akin to the successful implementation of environmental and energy sustainability. Today the only question of human mankind and human scientific progress is the successful implementation of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals which includes clean water and clean energy.16,17,18,19,20
Climate change, environmental and energy resources sustainability, circular economy and the visionary road ahead:
Human scientific advancements and scientific forays today are in the middle of scientific comprehension and scientific reinvention. Climate change, climate resilience and circular economy are today intertwined with each other. Reuse, recycle and rejuvenate are the coinwords of global science and technology today. A new beginning in the field of circular economy and environmental management is today undergoing as science, engineering and civilization surpasses one visionary frontier over another. Without circular economy, civilization cannot move forward. The other areas of deep scientific introspection is the domain of sustainable resource management. Human civilization and human scientific progress are today linked directly with sustainable resource management today. Today the major concern of human kind are drinking water issues, sustainability and socio-economic development. Circular economy is the bedrock of human progress today. Surely a new era will evolve as man and mankind overcomes difficult issues of human survival, human population growth and vast human existence. Reuse, recycle and regenerate are the primordial pillars of human scientific progress globally today. Human suffering, human struggle and human poverty are part and parcel of sustainability and environmental management today. In this article, the authors deeply pronounces and reiterates the need of global circular economy in reducing carbon footprint and a greater emancipation of integrated water resource management and industrial wastewater paradigm. Circular economy is the bedrock of human civilization and human scientific progress today.20 Also climate change and circular economy will be two opposite sides of the visionary coin as science, civilization and vision moves in the right direction.
Global scientific and engineering research initiatives in membrane science and arsenic groundwater remediation:
Global research and development initiatives in integrated water resource management and wastewater management today are in the middle of scientific ingenuity and providence. Arsenic groundwater and drinking water contamination in developing, disadvantaged, underprivileged and many developed nations around the world are today in a state of immense disaster. Science, engineering and civilization needs to be geared up as regards United Nations Sustainable Goals which includes water remediation, provision of proper sanitation and mitigation of poverty and hunger. The clean water and clean energy nexus are the opposite sides of the visionary coin. A true and new beginning in global research initiatives in membrane science and desalination will usher in new knowledge engineering, knowledge management and scientific competence in decades to come. Thus a remarkable emergence will evolve with scientific fire and scientific demonstration. Today in the global scenario, adaptation and resilience in climate change issues are the needs of human civilization’s progress. The main targets of science and engineering will be today conventional and non-conventional environmental engineering tools. Science, civilization and vision today are veritably akin to each other. Membrane science and desalination are implemented in developing and developed nations across the world. A new beginning and a remarkable arena in global water sustainability and environmental integrity will surely usher in if academicians, researchers, students, policy makers and civil societies across the world takes affirmative actions in combating environmental disasters and a greater emancipation of water sustainability.20
Membrane science and groundwater remediation will surely become two opposite sides of the visionary coin in future if government, scientists and policy makers across the globe takes effective steps in integrating water and wastewater treatment with nanotechnology. The civilization will surely witness an immense revolution in water sustainability and energy resources sustainability if proper scientific and engineering steps are taken in groundwater remediation and arsenic groundwater remediation.
Nanotechnology and energy resources sustainability- a broad scientific perspective:
Human suffering, human struggles and human difficulties are at its zenith as global climate change and global water scarcity devastates human scientific fabric. In such a vision, nanotechnology should be integrated with sustainable development in the global scientific stance. Environmental, energy and socio-economic sustainability are the ultimate needs of the hour. Nanotechnology also should be merged with water pollution control and environmental integrity. The broad scientific perspective of nanotechnology and sustainability needs to be envisioned if the global concerns of climate change and water scarcity needs to be mitigated. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are the sine quo non of any research and scientific endeavor globally. In this paper, the authors deeply pronounces and reiterates the needs of nanotechnology and nano-engineering in the greater scientific and engineering emancipation in the global platform. Man and mankind’s immense vision, the purpose, vitality and validation will go a long way in the true scientific redemption of water sustainability, environmental integrity and industrial pollution control. Technology management, operations management and human factor engineering also needs to be integrated with water and industrial wastewater treatment. Surely a newer vision and a newer era will evolve if science and civilization moves in the right direction. Without sustainability , human civilization and science and engineering cannot move forward. Thus the need of a concerted effort from academicians, researchers, scientists, engineers and policy makers around the world.20 Thus a broad scientific perspective in nanotechnology and sustainability are the immediate needs of the hour.
Futuristic vision in the field of membrane separation processes and the future flow of scientific notion:
Human suffering and human civilization’s resilience today stands in the middle of deep scientific introspection and scientific judgement. Nations across the world are today in a difficult situation because of lack of environmental, energy and socio-economic sustainability. Water sustainability and environmental integrity are the primordial issues of global scientific vision and global scientific understanding and discernment today. The futuristic vision of environmental engineering and water treatment today lies in the domain of membrane science, desalination and other novel separation processes. Water and environmental sustainability are in the crucial juncture of reinvention and engineering vision. The futuristic vision in the field of membrane science are vast and varied and are deeply rooted in scientific knowledge and scientific competence. Application of nanotechnology in the field of water and wastewater treatment is the other side of the vision technological coin. Today is the age of Fourth Industrial Revolution. There is a vast need of nanomaterials and engineered nanomaterials in the future industrial growth of human civilization. New scientific innovations and rethought will all lead a long way in the proper implementation of nanomaterial in global scientific achievements in the field of environmental protection. Membrane separation processes are novel areas of science and engineering and the author targets these problems in its applications in groundwater remediation.
Conclusion and future engineering and technological perspectives:
Today, in the world of conventional and non-conventional environmental engineering tools, there are tremendous challenges. Future engineering perspectives in the field of environmental and water remediation today needs to be revamped and reinvented as man and mankind moves forward. Desalination, membrane science and drinking water treatment are the visionary paradigms of human civilization. A deep scientific and engineering thought and rediscovery will go a long way in unraveling the scientific truth of membrane filtration and drinking water treatment. Today is the age of Fourth Industrial Revolution. The world of science and engineering today stands in the midst of a pillar of circular economy and green economy. Reuse, regenerate and recycle are the needs of human race today. The world of environmental engineering science today are in a state of immense catastrophe. Scientific contemplation is the need of hour in the field of arsenic and heavy metal groundwater remediation. The author deeply reiterates the vital need of circular economy in the research pursuit of drinking water and industrial wastewater treatment. Green economy, blue economy and climate resilience should be the cornerstones in any scientific research pursuit globally. Today global environmental engineering curriculum in developing countries should be reframed if climate change and environmental disasters can be mitigated. Environmental catastrophes are part and parcel of human civilization today. Future engineering perspectives should be targeted towards greater scientific emancipation in the field of environmental integrity and water sustainability. Man and mankind will surely usher in a newer era if the scientific ardor and scientific challenges in arsenic groundwater remediation are successfully overcome. The author in this entire article addresses these issues with scientific grit and determination.
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Received on 07.08.2023 Modified on 04.09.2023
Accepted on 25.09.2023 ©AJRC All right reserved
Asian J. Research Chem. 2023; 16(5):330-336.
DOI: 10.52711/0974-4150.2023.00053