Analysis the Water Quality Parameters of Ground sample with Special Reference to Fluoride in different Locations of Malpura

(Tonk District, Rajasthan, India)

 

Girja Shanker Tailor¹*, Meenu Mangal¹, C.P.S. Chandel², Jhankriti Sharma³, Sunil Mangal⁴

¹Professor, Department of Chemistry, Poddar International College, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

¹Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Poddar International College, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

²Former -Head, Department of Chemistry University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

³Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Poddar International College, Mansarovar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

⁴Department of Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge and Implantology, Jaipur Dental College, Dhand,

Tehsil - Amer, Jaipur - 302028, Rajasthan, India.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: drmeenumangal@gmail.com, girjachem@gmail.com, chandelcps2@rediffmail.com, jsharm`a159@gmail.com, drsunilmangal@gmail.com

Water is essential natural resources for sustaining life and environment that we have always thought to be available in abundance and free gift of nature. The present study was carried out to analysis of various water quality parameters with special reference to Fluoride to examine the major suitability of water for, irrigation, domestic and drinking use. Fluoride concentration in the study area varied from 0.5mg/L to 6.90mg/L with an average of 3.17mg/L. The presence of excessive quantity of fluoride in drinking water is accompanied by a characteristic sequence of changes in teeth and bone. Fluoride is attracted by positively charged calcium ions in teeth and bones and can result in pathological changes in teeth and bones, such as mottling of teeth or dental fluorosis followed by skeletal fluorosis. Groundwater is a major source of human intake of fluoride.

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Our environment consists of various types of substances but water is the fabulous substance on earth. Water is a key component in determining the quality of our life. Ground water is one of the nation's most important natural resources. Groundwater is also an important environmental asset that provides base flow to streams and supports wetlands and other groundwater dependent ecosystems. Without water life would probably never have developed on our planet.

 

Fluoride (F⁻) in drinking water is essential for bone development and dental caries but on the other hand it also causes dental and skeletal fluorosis.

 

 

A moderate amount of fluoride ions (F⁻) in drinking water contributes to good dental health. About 1.0mg/L is effective in preventing tooth decay, particularly in children. Excessive amounts of fluoride cause discolored teeth, a condition known as dental fluorosis. The maximum allowable levels of fluoride in public water supplies depend on local climate. In the warmer regions of the country, the maximum allowable concentration of fluoride for potable water is 1.5mg/L; in colder climates, up to 2.4mg/L is allowed. Fluoride might be a basic component for creatures and people. For people, be that as it may, the centrality has not been shown unequivocally, and no information demonstrating the base wholesome necessity is accessible. To deliver indications of intense fluoride inebriation, least oral dosages of in any event 1mg of fluoride for every kg of body weight were required⁵.

 

 

In India, fluorosis is the most predominant endemic disease. Fluorine is the most abundant electronegative element in nature, and in the human body fluoride is found in bones and teeth. Fluorosis is namely, dental fluorosis, and skeletal fluorosis. Dental fluorosis is a global disease is not new to India, the reason being the shortage of good quality portable water and consumption of fluoride (F^-) enriched water by people both in the rural and urban areas. A higher level of fluoride exerts a negative effect on the metabolic processes and an individual may suffer from skeletal fluorosis, dental fluorosis. The main source of fluoride in groundwater is considered to be fluoride- bearing minerals such as Fluor apatite [Ca₅(PO₄)₃F], fluorspar (CaF₂), cryolite and hydroxyl apatite in rocks. Dental fluorosis is due to the intake of excess levels of fluoride during the period of tooth development, usually from birth to approximately six to eight years of age. It has been termed a hypoplasia or hypomineralization of dental enamel and dentine and is associated with the excessive incorporation of fluoride into these structures²⁷.

 

So the objective of this study was to investigate the quality of groundwater with special reference to the fluoride concentration in ground water sampling sites of Malpura (Tonk –Rajasthan).

 

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

A detailed meta-analysis and meta-regression of fluoride and evaluated health risk assessment was done by Shakirali et.al¹³. The studied Geographic Information System (GIS) to assess the relationship between water fluoride content and the prevalence of fluorosis and its spatial distribution in Zarand region by Malek Mohammadi et.al²³. Siloam’s groundwater is reportedly characterized by high fluoride. In response to the reported high incidence of dental fluorosis in the area, sources of elevated fluoride in the groundwater were investigated by Tobiloba Onipe et al⁹. Investigated 324 groundwater samples collected from the southwest plain of Shandong Province during the dry and wet seasons by Jiutan Liu et al⁷. Studied that in India many regions ground water and river water are contaminated with the high amount of fluoride pollutants by Mahipal Singh Sankhla and Rajeev Kumar¹¹. The assessment of physico-chemical parameters was performed by Saurabhsharma and Mahindra Pratap Choudhary¹⁹, obtaining samples of lake water in four months during November– December 2019 and January–February 2020. The water quality analysis of canal of river Chambal running through industrial area of Kota city (Rajasthan) with reference to physico-chemical parameters by Chauhan et. al³. The assessment of Water Quality Index of Ground Drinking Water in Ganeshwar and Chala Villages of Neemkathana Block of Sikar India Santosh Kumar Verma et al¹⁶. Assessed ground water quality and its impact on soils in southwestern India. Fluoride levels in drinking water from various sources in and around Jaipur and many villages and trace metals have been carried out in our laboratory by Sandhu et. al¹². Srinivas et al¹⁴ Assessed the Water Quality Index at sampling stations 2, 3 (>200) in Ground water of Greater Visakhapatnam City, Andhra Pradesh, India. The high value of WQI at these stations has been found to be mainly from the higher values of Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Nitrate and Total dissolved solids. Physicochemical Analysis of Ground Water Qualities of Some Areas of Imphal East District of Manipur During Pre-Monsoon was studied by Nandababu²⁰. The geographical limitations selected for physico-chemical analysis is the Sugar factory named Dr. Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Ambulga- Zari, Ta. Nilanga, Dist. Latur selecting samples of effluents and the dug well, bore well of the nearby locality was studied by Dawle Jairaj K¹⁷. Pradyusa Samantray et al²² examined the groundwater resources, around Paradip industrial area located on the Bay of Bengal Coast in Port city of Orissa, India and suggest remedial measures that may also be relevant to other industrial areas on the Indian Sea Coast. Pradeep Kumar²⁵ was studied the determination of fluoride content in ground water in certain areas of Madurai district. (Tamil Nadu, India). The preliminary investigations of ground and drinking water quality in varied drastically among different sites of Karwi city, Chitrakoot District by Ashok Kumar Tiwari²⁶. The groundwater contamination in pre monsoon and post monsoon status in ten villages near Janjghir Champa district Chhattisgarh state India was observed by Manoj Kumar Ghosh et al²⁸. Manish Upadhyay et al³¹ evaluated the Fluoride concentration of water samples collected from the villages of Preminger Block of Surajpur Dist, Chhattisgarh and analyzed for study of fluoride content in ground water by Spectrophotometric Method. Sangeetha et al³² studied the analysis of Groundwater near Municipal Solid Waste Dump Site and Non Dump Site around Mayiladuthurai, India. The water quality in the studied area is found to be suitable for drinking only in few locations, while as out prior treatments. Srinivasa Rao et al³³ investigating the groundwater chemistry in Lakavarapu Kota region of Vizianagaram district by analyzing the groundwater samples collected from several sampling locations spread across the study area uniformly.

 

Study of industrial wastewater and ground water and pollution problem in ground water have also been study in our laboratory recently.

 

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Study area: -Malpura is a Tehsil in Tonk District of Rajasthan State, India. Malpura Tehsil Head Quarters is Malpura town. It belongs to Ajmer Division. It is located 53 KM towards west from District headquarters Tonk. It is a Tehsil head quarter.

 

Water sampling and Analysis: A total of 10 groundwater samples were collected in order to evaluate the groundwater quality of the Malpura Block (Tonk District-Rajasthan) during post-monsoon of 2013.All the groundwater samples were collected from open wells, hand pumps and bore wells of the sampling sites of Malpura Block (Tonk Rajasthan) using Glass bottles of 2000 ml capacity. The pH, TDS, EC was analyzed on the spot by using hand held potable multi-parameter instrument. The analysis of the calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), bicarbonate (HCO₃^-), chloride (Cl^-), sulphate (SO₄^2-) and fluoride (F^-) in the laboratory. The Na⁺ and K⁺ in the groundwater samples was analysed using Flamephotometer. The calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), and bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) in the groundwater samples was analyzed using titration methods. Fluoride ions concentrations in water were determined electrochemically, using ion selective electrode method. This method is applicable to the measurement of fluoride in drinking water in the concentration range of 0.1­- 1.000mg/L.

 

All the reagents used were of analytical grade and solutions were made of distilled water. Analytical methods and equipment used in the analysis of physical- chemical parameters (Table-2) of ground water samples of Malpura Block (Tonk-Rajasthan-India)are followed by APHA¹ (1998).

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

pH: The variations in pH values may be due to increase or decrease of human and other biological activities. The pH values of groundwater samples were ranged from 7.62(G6) to 10.3(G8) with average value 9.02 (Table-2) in sampling sites, out of 10 samples, 5 samples (G3, G7, G8, G9 & G10) have higher value than permissible limit. The permissible limit of pH values for drinking water is specified as 6.5 to 8.5 as per BIS: 1999 (Table-1).

 

Electrical conductance (EC): The values of electrical conductance of groundwater samples are ranged from 297(G4) to 3070µS/cm (G8) with average value 1897.6µS/cm (Table-2) in sampling sites, out of 10 samples, except three samples (G4, G7 and G9), all samples have higher value than permissible limit. The permissible limit of EC values for drinking water is specified as 1400 µS/cm as per WHO: 2003.

 

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): Normally ground water has a higher total dissolved solids load compared to surface water. The TDS of groundwater samples ranged from 593(G9) to 1887mg/L (G10)mg/L with an average value of 1061.1mg/L (Table-2). Except one sample (G9), all samples have higher value than permissible limit.The permissible limit of EC values for drinking water is specified as 600mg/L as per WHO: 2003.

 

Total Hardness (TH): The major cations informing hardness are calcium and magnesium. The anions responsible for hardness are Sulphate, chloride, carbonates, and bicarbonates. Hardness is permanents if it is related mainly with Sulphate and chloride and temporary if with carbonates and bicarbonates. The total hardness of groundwater samples ranged from 276.44 (G1) to1396.7(G10)mg/L with average of 567.096mg/L of analysis (Table-2).

 

Calcium (Ca²⁺):  Calcium is one of the most abundant elements found in natural water. It is important ion in informing the hardness to the waters. The calcium ion of groundwater samples ranged from 41.0(G1) to210.0mg/L (G10) with average of 82.63 mg/L of analysis (Table-2). At high pH much of its quantities may get precipitated as calcium carbonate. The permissible limit of Ca²⁺ ion values for drinking water is specified as 100 mg/L as per WHO:2003.

 

Magnesium (Mg²⁺): The magnesium ion concentrations ranged from 42.3(G1) to 212.0(G10) mg/L with average of 87.7 mg/L of analysis (Table-2). Magnesium also occurs in all kind of natural waters, but its concentration remains generally lower than the calcium ions. There is no definite trend in values of magnesium in groundwater samples. The permissible limit of Mg²⁺ ion values for drinking water is specified as 150mg/L as per WHO: 2003.

 

Sodium (Na⁺): Sodium values ranged from 23.5(G9) to 534.6(G8) mg/L and the average value of sodium was 203.85 mg/L of the studied samples (Table-2).

 

Potassium (Na⁺): Potassium values ranged from 2.23 (G9) to 53.2(G8) mg/L and the average value of potassium was 19.47 mg/L of the studied samples (Table-2).

 

Chloride (Cl^-): The most important source of chloride in natural waters is the discharge of sewage. Chloride occurs naturally in all types of waters. In natural fresh waters, its concentration remains quite low.

 

Table: -1 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking water (IS 10500: 2012)

 

Table: -2 Physico chemical parameters of ground water of sampling sites of Malpura Block (Tonk –Rajasthan –India)

Unit in mg/L Except pH, EC(µSiemens/cm), SAR(meq. /l)

 

The values observed are within the specified limit of 250 mg/L as per WHO: 2003. The chloride concentration in groundwater samples varies from 79.8(G9) to 834.2(G10) mg/L with average of 269.53mg/l of analysis (Table-2). The four water samples (G5, G7, G8 & G10) exceed the permissible limit as prescribed by WHO-2003.

 

Fluoride (F^-): Water containing high fluoride concentration is not suitable for drinking water purpose because fluoride causes mottling of teeth (figure-2), skeletal fluorosis (figure-3), forward bending of vertebral column and defloration of knee joints. Dental fluorosis is characterized by hypo mineralization or tooth enamel caused by ingestion of excessive fluoride during enamel formation. Severe fluorosis is characterized by brown discoloration and discrete or confluent pitting; brown stains are widespread and teeth often present a corroded looking appearance³⁰. People with fluorosis are relatively resistant to dental caries. The Fluoride sources in groundwater may be related to natural factors and anthropogenic activities. The natural factors affecting the development of fluoride rich groundwater chemistry mainly include underlying geologic substrate, pH, ion exchange, economical adsorption, groundwater residence time, evaporation and precipitation. Anthropogenic activities may also give appreciable amounts of fluoride to groundwater via surface water seepage, rainfall leaching and agricultural irrigation. Therefore, it is necessary to differentiate the role of natural and anthropogenic factors in the formation of fluoride-enriched groundwater. Fluorosis²⁹ can be prevented by monitoring all sources of fluoride, with fluoridated water directly or indirectly responsible for an estimated 40% of risk and other sources, notably toothpaste, responsible for the remaining 60%.

 

Fluoride present in water is in a simple form and ingested fluoride is rapidly absorbed through gastrointestinal tract and lungs. Approximately 90% of the fluoride retained in the body is deposited in skeleton and teeth. Fluorides present other than in water are relatively less harmful. Fluoride ions from soluble inorganic fluoride compounds are rapidly absorbed. The fluoride ion concentrations (Table-3) in the study were within the specified limit and ranged from 0.5(G1) to 6.9(G7)mg/L (figure-1) with average of 3.2mg/L (Table-2).

 

Table -3 Concentration of fluoride in different sampling sites of water samples of Malpura Block (Tonk –Rajasthan-India)

 

 

Figure: -1 Variation of fluoride in ground water samples

 

                                           Figure: -2-Dental Fluorosis                        Figure: -3: Skeletal Fluorosis

 

Fluorine is the most abundant electronegative element in nature, and about (96%) of fluoride (F) in the human body is found in bones and teeth

[1]. In India, fluorosis is the most prevalent endemic disease which coexists in certain geographical regions in the country. Fluorosis is mainly of three type, namely, dental, skeletal fluorosis (SF), and non-skeletal fluorosis (NSF). Dental fluorosis (DF) is a global disease is not new to India, the reason being the shortage of good quality portable water and consumption of fluoride (F) enriched water by people both in the rural and urban areas

[2]. A higher level of F exerts a negative effect on the metabolic processes and an individual may suffer from SF, DF, and NSF problem or a combination of the all

[3]. Fluoride (F) is toxic to all the systems and causes hyperlipemia, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress in various tissues of the human body

[4]. In the human body, fluoride enters through the drinking water, food, beverages, tea, fish, dental products, etc

[5]. Dentifrices contain 1000 parts per million (ppm) fluorides

[6]. Risk of endemic fluorosis was the F level in source of drinking water is more than 1.0 ppm

[7]. The available study data suggest that 15 States in India are endemic for fluorosis (F level in drinking water >1.5 ppm) and about (62 million) people in India suffering from dental, SF and NSF including these 6 million children

 

Sulphate (SO₄^2-): Sulphate is a naturally occurring anion found almost in all kinds of water bodies. The maximum allowable limit of sulphate in drinking water as per BIS 10500 (Table-1) is 400mg/L. This is also an important anion imparting hardness to the waters. The higher values of sulphate concentration may be contributed due to anthropogenic sources, bio chemical and industrial processes etc. The sulphate ion concentration in groundwater samples ranged from 13(G7) to 458(G6) mg/L with average of 213.72mg/L (Table-2).

 

Bicarbonates (HCO₃^-): Bicarbonates concentration ranged from 185.2(G4) to 579.5(G8)mg/L with an average of 327.95mg/L in analyzed samples (Table-2).

 

Carbonates (CO₃^2-): Carbonates concentration ranged from 0.0 to 20.0 (G1)mg/L with an average of 3.2mg/L in analyzed samples (Table-2).

 

Nitrate (NO₃^-): Nitrate is one of the critical nutrients for the growth of algae and helps accelerating the eutrophication. The important sources of nitrate are domestic sewage, industrial effluents, natural run-off and agricultural wastes. Nitrate concentration in groundwater samples varies from 2.63(G4) to40.3(G5)mg/L with average of 16.82mg/L samples (Table-2). Nitrate ion concentration is very important in drinking water because if it exceeds 45mg/L it causes blue babies syndrome (Methaemoglobinaemia) in children. The maximum allowable limit of nitrate in drinking water as per BIS 10500(Table-1) is 45mg/L.

Total Hardness (TH): Hardness is the property of water, which stops the lather formation with soap and increase the boiling point of water. The anions responsible for hardness are carbonates, bicarbonates, sulphate and chloride. Hardness is temporary if it is associated mainly with carbonates and bicarbonates, and permanents if with sulphate and chloride. The major cations imparting hardness are calcium and magnesium. The total hardness of groundwater samples ranged from 276.44 (G1) to 1396.7(G10)mg/L with average of 567.09mg/L of water samples (Table-2).

 

Percentage Sodium (%Na): The sodium in irrigation water is also expressed as sodium percentage. Sodium is another important factor to study sodium hazard. It is also used for adjudging the quality of water for the use of agricultural purpose. Percent Sodium is defined as:

 

 

Where the concentration of Sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium are in meq, /l

 

The calculated values of percentage sodium (%Na) were ranged from 8.26(G9) to 76.78(G8) with average of 42.97(Table-2). Data reveals that water samples (Table-4) were of excellent water class (G9 & G7), good water class (G5, G6 and G10) and permissible water class (G3 and G4), these water class were suitable for irrigational purpose. But few water samples fall in Doubtful water class (G1, G2 & G8). Use of water having excess sodium percentage is not suitable for irrigational purpose.

 

Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR): SAR is an important parameter for determination of suitability of irrigation water. The SAR is a dimensionless ratio that is calculated to indicate the tendency of sodium to replace calcium and magnesium in soils. The replacement of calcium and magnesium with sodium can damage the soil structure and reduce the permeability of the soil to water infiltration.

 

The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), which was calculated for the water samples based on the formula provided by the US Salinity Laboratory Staff¹⁶ (1954) as follows: -

 

Where, Sodium, calcium and magnesium are in meq/L.

 

The calculated values of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were ranged from 0.42 (G9) to 12.05(G8)meq/L. (Table-2) with average of 4.24meq/L. Classification of groundwater samples(Table-4) as per US agricultural norms reveals that all water samples, except G8(12.05meq/L) were of low sodium water class (S₁).

Table -4 Classification of Irrigational water

 

Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC): RSC index is used to find the suitability (Table-4) of water for irrigation in clay soils which has high cation exchange capacity. The concentration of bicarbonate and carbonate also influences the suitability of water for irrigation purpose. Eaton (1950) recommended the concentration of residual sodium carbonate to determine suitability of water for irrigation purposes. Residual sodium carbonate to determine of water for irrigation purposes by using following equation:

 

 

Where the concentration of calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate and carbonate are in meq/L. The calculated values of residual sodium carbonates (RSC) were ranged from -22.71(G10) to 2.36(G1) meq/L with average of -5.842meq. /L (Table-2).

 

Water Quality Index (WQI): WQI is defined as a technique of rating that provides the composite influence of individual water quality parameters on the overall quality of water for human consumption. Water quality index indicating the water quality in term of index number. Water quality index provides a single number that expresses overall water quality at a certain location and time, based on several water quality parameters. Water quality index is an important technique for demarcating ground water quality and its suitability for drinking purpose. The objective of water quality index is to turn complex water quality data in to information that is understandable and usable by the public.

 

Water Quality Index can be calculated from the following formula:

WQI       = Antilog (SW_n log Q_n)

Where:

W (Weight of the Pollutants in the Sample) = K/S_n

K (constant) = 1/ (1/S₁ + 1/S₂ + 1/S₃ + ……... + 1/S_n)

S_n = Standard Values for Different Water Quality Parameters

Q_n (Water Quality Rating) = 100 (V_n – V₁) / (S_n – V₁)

V_n = Observed Values

V₁ (Ideal Values) = 7.0 for pH and 0 for all other parameters

 

The significant study from the Table -2 discloses that WQI values of sampling sites were varied from 4.45 (G1) to 23.10 (G8) and mean values of WQI was 10.55. This means that all water of samples (Except- G8) was of excellent quality (Table -5) and may be recommended for domestic purposes.

 

Table -5 Rating for water Quality Index of Malpura Block (Tonk-Rajasthan-India)

 

CONCLUSIONS:

The ground water’s of the sampling sites of Malpura block (Tonk- Rajasthan-India) have been evaluated for their chemical composition and suitability for irrigation and domestic uses. Chemical analysis of groundwater shows that average concentrations of cation (in mg/l) is in order Sodium >Magnesium > Calcium >Potassium while for the anion (in mg/l) is Bicarbonate >Chloride> Sulphate> Nitrate> Carbonate=Fluoride.

 

Groundwater of the study area was found “excellent to very good” for drinking purposes with reference to WQI. The classification of ground water based on total hardness shows that a majority of the ground water samples fall in hard and very hard water category. The Concentration of fluoride in different sampling sites of water samples of Malpura Block are exceed the maximum permissible Fluoride limit (mg/ L) as prescribed by WHO. On the Basis of SAR all water samples (except G8) fall in low sodium water class.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest regarding this investigation.

 

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Received on 01.04.2023                    Modified on 27.05.2023

Accepted on 01.07.2023                   ©AJRC All right reserved