INTRODUCTION:

T. cordifolia is also known as Guduchi/Amrita and by the Latin names Tinospora cordifolia (Wild) Hook. F. & Thomson, TinosporaGulancha/Indian Tinospora, and Giloya¹. Its scientific name is Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. It can be found in Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and China and is a member of the Menispermaceae family². The plant is frequently used as conventional ayurvedic medicine and possesses a number of therapeutic benefits including the treatment of jaundice, rheumatism, urinary disorders, skin diseases, diabetes, anemia, inflammation,

allergic conditions, anti-periodic properties, and radioprotective effects, among other conditions. To treat bowel obstruction and as a powerful emetic, Giloya (T. cordifolia) root is used^3-5.

The starch from this plant relieves burning, boosts energy, and stimulates the appetite. It also serves as a useful home remedy for chronic fever. In addition to helping the immune system and the body's resistance to infections, giloya is effective in the treatment of helminthiasis, heart conditions, leprosy, rheumatoid arthritis, and other conditions^6-9. It also supports normal white blood cell structure, function, and levels. Additionally, it aids in the treatment of digestive disorders like hepatitis and liver diseases like hyperacidity, colitis, worm infestations, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, excessive thirst, and vomiting^10-12. The chemical components of the plant, which include diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, phenolic compounds, essential oils, a combination of fatty acids, and polysaccharides, are what give rise to the plant's pharmacological effects. These chemical constituents are also found in the root, stem, and entire body of the plant^13-15.

It is a sizable, deciduous climbing shrub that spreads widely and has several coiled branches with various morphologies¹⁶. The plant's filiform, fleshy, and climbing stem has bark that ranges in color from white to gray. The stem's powder is creamish brown or dark brown, has a distinctive odor and bitter taste, and is used to treat fever, urinary diseases, and dyspepsia. The "Guduchi-satva" starch derived from the stem. It is very nutritious and aids in digestion¹⁷. This plant has round, pulvinate, heart-shaped, simple, alternate, long-petioled (15 cm), partially twisted, and halfway around leaves. Oval, 10–20 cm long, seven nerved, deeply cordate at the base, and membranous describe the lamina¹⁸. Flowers are axillary, unisexual, and have 2–9cm-long leaflet branches that are greenish yellow in color¹⁹.

METHODS:

Materials:

The available information on various plants based traditionally used for pharmacological, ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and treatment of disorders was collected through electronic databases searches using PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, as well as a library search for articles published in peer-reviewed journal articles in this review survey²⁰.

The chemical components of T. cordifolia include alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenolics, aliphatic compounds, and polysaccharide²¹. The leaves also contain high levels of calcium, phosphorus, and protein (11.2%), among other nutrients. The structure of the stem, which is determined by various spectroscopic studies^23,24,25, has been established. The stem contains clerodane furono diterpene glucoside (amritoside A, B, C, and D). While the structure of the active chemical component for Tinospora cordifolia has been shown in Figure, some of the essential constituents reported in table and major constituents^22-25.

The extract demonstrates the anticancer potential in a mouse skin cancer model induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA). A significant rise in the levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, and LDL (P 0.05) in alcoholic sample was reported, whereas their level got downregulated after TCE intervention, patients showed the normalized liver function of T. cordifolia stand to relieve the symptoms^26-28.

A response surface methodology to examine the anticancer properties of T. cordifolia palmatine extract in animal models (RSM). The extract demonstrates the anticancer potential in a mouse skin cancer model induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). A prepared the extract in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 200, 400, and 600mg/kg dry weight. 750 mg/kg body weight of a 50% methanolic extract of cordifolia was administered for 30 days to C57 BI mice. the tumor size shortens life^29-35.

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight &Arn. (T. arjuna):

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight &Arn. (T. arjuna) is one of the most accepted and beneficial medicinal plants in indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of various critical diseases. Terminalia arjuna, sometimes known as arjuna, is a member of the Combretaceae family. Its bark decoction is used for anginal discomfort, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and dyslipidaemia on the Indian subcontinent, based on centuries of observations by ancient physicians. Arjuna's potential for treating a variety of cardiovascular illnesses needs to be investigated further. It is belonging to genus Terminalia. The major pharmacological activities are analgesic, antiaggregant, antidote, anti-ischemic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, astringent, bradycardic, cardioprotective, deobstruent, diuretic, expectorant, hemostat, hepatoprotective, hypertensive, hypotensive, laxative, litholytic, positive inotropic, prostaglandigenic, sedative, tonic. T. arjuna's principal ingredients in stem bark, root bark, fruits, leaves, and seeds have all been identified. The main ingredients of T. arjuna include polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, saponins, sterols, and minerals. T. arjuna also contains tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine, and cysteine, among other amino acids^25-35.

Stem bark:

1. Triterpenoids: Arjunin, Arjunic acid, Arjungenin, Terminic acid, Terminoltin, Arjunolic acid

2. Ursane triterpenoids: 2α,3β-dihydroyurs-12,18-oic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester, 2α,3β,23-trihydroxyurs-12,18-dien-28-oic acid 28-O-β-glucopyranosyl ester, Qudranoside VIII, Kajiichigoside F1, 2α,3β,23-trihydroxyurs-23-trihydroxyurs-12,19-dien-28-oic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester

3. Glycosides: Arjunetin, Arjunoside I, II, Arjunolone, Arjunolitin, Arjunaphthanoloside, Arjunglucoside IV and V, Arjunasides A-E, Olean-3β, 22β-diol-12-en-28 β-D-glucopyranosie-oic acid, Terminarjunoside I and II, Terminoside A, Termionic acid

4. Flavonoids and phenolics: Arjunone, Luteolin, Baicalein, Ethyl gallate, Gallic acid, Kempferol, Oligomeric proanthocyanidins, Pelargonidin, Quercetin, (+)-catechin, (+)-gallocatechin and (−)-epigallocatechin, Gallic acid, ellagic acid and its derivatives such as 3-O-methyl-ellagic acid 4-O-β-d-xylopyranoside, 3-O-methyl ellagic acid 3-O-rhamnoside, 3-O-methyl ellagic acid 4′-O-α-l-rhamnophranoside(−)-epicatechin

5. Tannins: Pyrocatechols, Punicallin, Castalagin, Casuariin, Casuarinin, Punicalagin, Terchebulin, Terflavin C

6. Minerals and trace elements:Calcium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, copper, silica

7. Other compounds: β-Sitosterol

Roots:

1. Triterpenoids: Arjunoside I-IV, Arjunolic acid, Oleanolic acid, Terminic acid, 2α,19α-Dihydroxy-3Oxo-Olean-12-En28-Olic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Arjunic acid

2. Glycosides: Arjunetosie (3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-2α, 3β, 19α-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranoside)

Fruits:

1. Triterpenoids and flavonoids: Arjunic acid, Arjunone, Arachidic stearate, Cerasidin, Ellagic acid, Fridelin, Gallic acid, Hentriacontane, Methyl oleaolate, Myristyl oleate, β-Sitisterol

Leaves and seeds:

1. Flavonoids and glycosides: Luteolin, 14,16-dianhydrogitoxigenin 3-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 > 2)-O-β-d-galactopyranoside

CONCLUSION:

T. cordifolia is a medicinal plant that contains a wide range of substances. Alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, sesquiterpenoids, and other bioactive substances have all been discussed. The artistic antifungal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial, hypolipidemic, hepatic disorder, anticancer, anti-HIV potential, antiosteoporotic, antitoxic, wound healing, anticomplementary, immunomodulating, systemic infection, and Parkinson's disease properties of T. cordifolia are highlighted in the current review. Since the beginning of Ayurvedic medicine, it has been successfully used, and its products are used for both their better financial and therapeutic utilization. In this regard, more research must be done to examine T. cordifolia's potential in the prevention and treatment of diseases. This review can be applied clinically and for additional research purposes in the novel drug discovery.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The author has no conflicts of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

The author would like to thank NCBI, PubMed and Web of Science for the free database services for their kind support during this study.

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Received on 29.12.2022 Modified on 22.04.2023

Asian J. Research Chem. 2023; 16(6):448-452.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-4150.2023.00074

Active Component	Compounds
Terpenoids	Tinosporide, Furanolactone diterpene, Furanolactone clerodane diterpene, furanoid diterpene, Tinosporaside, ecdysteronemakisterone and several glucosides isolated as poly acetate, phenylpropene disaccharides cordifolioside A, B and C, cordifoliside D and E, Tinocordioside, cordioside, palmatosides C and F, Sesquiterpene glucoside tinocordifolioside, Sesquiterpene tinocordifolin.
Alkaloids	Tinosporine, (S), Magnoflorine, (S), Berberine, (S), Choline, (S), Jatrorrhizine, (S), 1,2-Substituted pyrrolidine(S), Alkaloids, viz. jatrorrhizine, palmatine, beberine, tembeterine, choline.
Lignans	3 (a, 4-dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl), (S)
Steroids	Giloinsterol, (S), ß-Sitosterol, (S), 20a- Hydroxy ecdysone, (S).
Others	Giloin, Tinosporan acetate, Tinosporal acetate, Tinosporidine, Heptacosanol, Octacosanol, sinapic acid, Tinosponone, two phytoecdysones, an immunologically active arabinogalactan.