INTRODUCTION:

Gwalior District is surrounded by Bhind and Morena in North, Shivpuri in south and Datia surrounds this district from East direction. Ghatigaon, Morar, Dabra and Bhitarwar are the block headquarters of Gwalior district.

As the urbanization and industrialization progressed without considering environmental guidelines often led to discharge of household’s wastes, industrial and sewage effluents in open areas contaminates the ground water through leaching process. Many studies evaluated the impact contamination level on health-related issues through analysis of the physico chemical parameters of water. The interplay between soil and water contamination underscores the biological, physical and chemical contaminants from industries, urban societies and hospitals are deteriorating the water quality in both rural and urban areas consistently over past few decades.¹ Huge Consumption of this contaminated water spreading water borne disease among societies on large scale worldwide.²

Figure 1: Map of Gwalior district (www.censusindia.gov.in)

In India, from the prospective of rural, urban, agriculture and industrial developments, Groundwater is a most prominent requirement. This water requirement is not only limited to India but also spread worldwide for domestic and industrial and also for irrigation purposes. In past few decades, the increasing rate of industrialization and urbanization are leaving an increased demand for fresh water. Nevertheless, chemical, physical or microbiological contamination may be present in groundwater. As WHO claims that approximately 80% waterborne diseases among humans caused by water. In the developing countries, basic need of rural as well as urban life is ground water.³ Ground water is the primary requirement of 80% of rural population including 50% of urban population in various vital activities. Hence, contamination of ground water is posing a big threat to worldwide. Approximately 33% resources of ground water are contaminated and found not fit for human consumption.⁴ Anthropogenic and geogenic sources of contamination deteriorating the ground water quality. Agricultural activities, sewage disposal, and industry are the main cause of anthropogenic source of contamination. In the urban areas approximately 10% sewage is getting treated from the generated 20 million m³ sewage per day and rest of the sewage is disposed of openly which contaminates the ground water quality.⁵ In rural areas of India, shallow tube wells are being used in domestic as well as agricultural activities.^6,7 The basic requirement of human beings is water to run all vital activities; however, contamination in water leads health related problems. Population mainly trusts on main sources of consumable water, is ground water. So, the population mainly relies on ground water due to its purity. However other sources of water mainly surface water is thought to be pollutant free but muddy to some extent after primary treatment than found water.⁸ The climate, season, bedrock geology, and human activity are the factors which significantly affect the quality of groundwater supplies.⁹ Sewage from homes and business, industrial waste, agricultural waste, runoff from cities, and soluble effluents were disposed off openly to contaminate the groundwater quality.¹⁰ To determine and maintain the quality of the groundwater is crucial to monitor it by using a variety of physiochemical parameters and by combining those.

Human activities play a significant role in contamination of ground water in various ways through disposal of industrial hazardous chemical wastes, large scale use of pesticides in crop protection, metal plating process, untreated domestic sewage. The disposal of untreated wastes from industries as well as domestic wastes – sewage water and sludge to agricultural soil cause transfer of heavy metals movement towards the ground water and pollutes the quality of water. Sandy, acidic and low organic matter soils, which high rainfall or irrigation water, are more susceptible for Movement of heavy metal to ground water where sewage waste is disposed on soils. Such Studies¹¹ are important for comprehensive environmental monitoring and pollution mitigation strategies. Other than the ground water, Surface water is a prominent source of fresh water for drinking and irrigation purposes, is not up to mark in water quality. Thus, the state of the many rivers’ water quality index is deteriorating due to continuous release of untreated industrial, agricultural waste including urban and rural domestic sewage water. Subsequently such activities turn the rivers into open sewers¹² In present scenario, drastic climatic changes like extreme heat waves, low rainfall also affecting the condition of rivers.^13-15 A comprehensive approach is required to overcome the causes of water pollution and a monitoring system is required to control and locate the sources of pollution such as, industrial effluents, untreated sewage discharge, agricultural runoff, commercial and household wastewater. Rigorous steps are needed to prevent the spreading of water borne diseases as well as improvement of water quality index.¹⁶

Contamination sources are important point for assessment of the water quality. Extensive usage of chemical pesticides, herbicides, biologically active pesticides pose a threat to consumable water due to accumulation inside the ground may cause water contamination. Likewise industrial effluents containing heavy metals are openly disposed off on adjacent industrial areas, which remains untreated and get mixed with ground water through leaching process. Heavy metal posing a negative impact on human health as well as ecosystem when crossed the specified limits.¹⁷ Heavy metal present in ground water produces many serious illness and health related issues by deteriorating the ecosystem.¹⁸ Some heavy metals like Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn are essential in biological activities in plants and animals are required in traces amount. However higher quantity is toxic for living beings causes severe illness in humans.^19,20 Furthermore, about Heavy metal, Hg (Mercury) and Cd (Cadmium) are highly toxic at low level.^21,22 In urban areas, unavailability of ground water is a serious concern and people journey long distance to get the drinking water.^23,24 To overcome such conditions government and NGO,s are making every possible effort to solve these problem, to make available contamination free potable water to the residents of every area in India.²⁵ Previous reports stated that the presence of heavy metal, pesticides, organic and inorganic pollutants in water are the main causative agent for health-related issues; thrombosis, gastro renal discomfort, hypertension, kidney stones and hypocalcaemia in human beings.^26-29 Such Contaminated ground water posing a serious threat to the population which lives in nearby industrial areas. Population is suffering from health-related issues. Thus, the current study was carried out to assess the water quality of industrial area in Madhya Pradesh district.

The goal of the current study is to determine the current groundwater quality conditions in selected locations of Gwalior district. The ground water is basic element of life. But presently quality of water is getting deteriorated by various ways. Disposal of industrial wastes, households waste water, usage of pests, fertilizers are the main source of ground water contamination.

Study area:

Present study was carried out at Jinawali/GW1 (Latitude: 26.297001, Longitude: 78.1078462) Behat/GW2 (Latitude: 26.171918. Longitude: 78.533250), Ghatigaon/GW3 (Latitude: 26.31045, Longitude: 77.561255) and Kariawati /GW4 (Latitude: 25.820749, Longitude: 78.18339) areas of Gwalior district. The present study was carried out on ground water samples (GW1, GW2, GW3 and GW4) collected from above mentioned locations in Gwalior (MP) during pre-monsoon period (April, 2024) and post monsoon period (December, 2024). Water samples were collected in 1-liter pre cleaned bottle for physicochemical parameters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The water samples were analyzed for pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved solids, Total Hardness as CaCO₃ Calcium as Ca²⁺, Magnesium as Mg²⁺, Chloride as Cl^-, Total Alkalinity as CaCO_3,Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical oxygen Demand (BOD) were determined titrimetrically. Some parameters as Sulphate as SO₄^2-,Nitrate as NO₃^-, Fluoride as F^- using UV Vis spectrophotometer. Heavy metals, Zinc as Zn, Total Chromium as Cr, Cadmium as Cd, Lead as Pb and Arsenic as As measured under Inductively coupled Plasma optical emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). All the parameters were analysed using methods of Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) and IS 10500:2012 guideline.

RESULT:

Physicochemical parameters of ground Water (IS Standards)

Table 1: Physico- Chemical Parameters of sampled Groundwater of Gwalior district (in Pre- monsoon)

Parameters	Unit	IS standard IS-10500:2012³⁰		GW1	GW2	GW3	GW4
Parameters	Unit	Acceptable Limits	Permissible Limits	GW1	GW2	GW3	GW4
pH	-	6.5-8.5	no relaxation	8.31±0.16	7.36±0.18	7.5±0.19	7.3±0.3
Temperature	ºC	-	-	32.3±0.26	32.0±0.3	30.6±1.18	33.6±0.91
Turbidity	NTU	1	5	8.5±2	15.0±2	8.0±2	25±5
EC	ms/cm	-	-	355.5±0.26	91.4±1.11	1302±1.47	1532±1.3
TDS	mg/l	500	2000	502±1.8	122±3.0	850±3.0	2552±1
Total Hardness	mg/l	200	600	415.33±0.22	104.92±3.4	590±2.8	1092±6.9
Calcium as Ca²⁺	mg/l	75	200	118.07±2.5	31.47±0.95	132.6±2.0	239.56±1.0
Magnesium as Mg²⁺	mg/l	30	100	36.0±3.36	9.5±1.15	81.38±1.17	130.5±1.2
Chloride as Cl^-	mg/l	250	1000	88.45±0.03	13.2±0.18	155.5±0.9	430.0±0.5
Total alkalinity as CaCO₃	mg/l	200	600	415±3.0	95±1.0	370.5±1.4	138.9±0.8
Sulphate as SO₄^2-	mg/l	200	400	42.5±0.02	7.76±0.07	202.55±1.14	1280.8±2.1
Nitrate as NO₃^-	mg/l	45	no relaxation	33.77±0.85	1.9±0.6	0.777±0.79	13.98±0.62
Fluoride as F^-	mg/l	1.0	1.5	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL
COD	mg/l	-	-	18.2±0.4	30±1.4	45±3.4	70.1±1.8
BOD	mg/l	-	-	2.1±0.3	3.8±0.1	4.8±0.2	6.6±0.3
Zinc (Zn)	mg/l	5.0	15	1.54±0.51	1.013±0.07	1.69±0.43	1.437±0.2
Chromium (Cr)	mg/l	0.05	0.05	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL
Cadmium (Cd)	mg/l	0.03	no relaxation	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL
Lead (Pb)	mg/l	0.1	no relaxation	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL
Arsenic (As)	mg/l	0.01	0.05	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL

Note: BDL- Below detection limits TDS - Total Dissolved solids; BOD – Biochemical Oxygen Demand; COD-Chemical Oxygen Demand; EC- Electrical Conductivity.

Table 2: Physico- Chemical Parameters of sampled Groundwater of Gwalior District (In Post- monsoon)

Parameters	Unit	IS-10500:2012		GW1	GW2	GW3	GW4
Parameters	Unit	Acceptable Limits	Permissible Limits	GW1	GW2	GW3	GW4
pH	-	6.5-8.5	no relaxation	8.29±0.11	7.46±0.28	7.8±0.18	7.49±0.13
Temperature	ºC	-	-	22.3±0.2	19.2±0.3	19.6±0.3	19.6±0.2
Turbidity	NTU	1	5	23.7±0.4	20.0±3	21.3±0.5-	39.0±1.0
EC	ms/cm	-	-	52.1±0.7	92.4±1.2	1312±1.9	1450±1.6
TDS	mg/l	500	2000	503±0.33	132±3.0	853±3.0	1580±1
Total Hardness	mg/l	200	600	425.32±0.13	106.92±0.18	594±3.1	1188±0.4
Calcium as Ca²⁺	mg/l	75	200	123.87±0.2	32.47±0.12	138±6.01	241.56±0.1
Magnesium as Mg²⁺	mg/l	30	100	28.1±0.6	6.25±0.1	60.14±0.21	141.9±0.2
Chloride as Cl^-	mg/l	250	1000	86.45±0.03	12.81±0.19	151.65±0.97	425.6±0.3
Total alkalinity as CaCO₃	mg/l	200	600	418±1.0	96±2.0	372.6±1.7	138.6±0.8
Sulphate as SO₄^2-	mg/l	200	400	42.09±0.02	7.56±0.13	201.52±2.17	1287±0.25
Nitrate as NO₃^-	mg/l	45	no relaxation	34.77±0.15	1.7±0.4	0.677±0.79	14.08±0.28
Fluoride as F^-	mg/l	1.0	1.5	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL
COD	mg/l	-	-	20±0.4	32±1.4	49±0.6	78.4±0.5
BOD	mg/l	-	-	2.4±0.3	1.8±0.1	2.8±0.2	1.6±0.3
Zinc (Zn)	mg/l	5.0	15	1.14±0.11	0.971±0.029	1.904±0.104	0.917±0.22
Chromium (Cr)	mg/l	0.05	0.05	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL
Cadmium (Cd)	mg/l	0.03	no relaxation	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL
Lead (Pb)	mg/l	0.1	no relaxation	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL
Arsenic (As)	mg/l	0.01	0.05	BDL	BDL	BDL	BDL

Note: BDL- Below detection limit TDS - Total Dissolved solids; BOD – Biochemical Oxygen Demand; COD-Chemical Oxygen Demand; EC- Electrical Conductivity.

Temperature: In the present study, observed temperature was in the range of 30.6±1.18 - 33.6±0.91 during Pre-monsoon and 19.2±0.3 - 22.3±0.2oC during post-monsoon period. The seasonal temperature variation affects the temperature of water during collection.

Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH): pH of all water samples was found alkaline in nature on observation in most of the samples and observed pH ranged from 7.3 ± 0.3 - 8.31±0.16 in Pre-Monsoon and 7.46 ± 0.28 - 8.29 ± 0.11 in post-monsoon. As per BIS criterion, the permissible limits of pH are 6.5 to 8.5. pH value of all water samples conforms the BIS acceptable limits.

Turbidity: Turbidity is an indicative parameter for presence of suspended materials in water samples. The suspended material is detected when light is scattered or absorbed by suspended material in water. Turbidity of the collected ground water samples ranged from 8.0 ± 2 to 25±5 NTU in Pre-monsoon and 20.0±3 to 39±1 mg/l in post-monsoon.

Electrical Conductivity (EC): EC is for the measure of mineral concentration, was found ranging from 91.4±1.11 - 1532±1.3 ms/cm in Pre-monsoon and 52.1±0.07 to 1450 ± 1.6 ms/cm in post-monsoon.

Total Hardness (TH): Total Hardness is the sum of minerals calcium and magnesium, present in water and also has moderate health benefits. The total hardness of water ranged from 104.92±3.4 - 1092±6.9 mg/l in Pre-monsoon and 106.92±0.18 to 1188±0.4 mg/l in post-monsoon period. In some location, total hardness is very high, above the permissible limit. This may be due to Industrial disposal and soil rocks bearing salts of Calcium and Magnesium. As per Bureau of Indian Standard the prescribed limit of total hardness is 200 mg/l and permissible limit is 600 mg/l.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): Observed Total Dissolved Solid in ground water samples were ranged from 122±3.0 to 2552.0±1.0 mg/l in Pre- monsoon and 132±3.0 to 1580.0±1 mg/l in post-monsoon period.

The physico-chemical properties of ground water samples are as per the above given Tables 1 and 2.

Figure 2: Physico-Chemical Parameters of sampled Groundwater of Gwalior District (In Pre- monsoon)

Figure 3: Physico-Chemical Parameters of sampled Groundwater of Gwalior District (In Post- monsoon)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): BOD is a critical pollution parameter. BOD indicates the level of pollution in the water. Present study stated the observed BOD was ranged from 2.1±0.3 to 6.6±0.3 mg/l in Pre-monsoon and 1.6±0.3 to 2.8±0.2 mg/l in post-monsoon.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): COD indicates the organic pollution in water. Observed COD in the ground water samples were ranged from 18.2±0.4to 70.1±1.8 mg/l in Pre- monsoon and 20±0.4 to 78.4±0.5 mg/l in post-monsoon.

Calcium and Magnesium: Calcium and Magnesium and their salts are directly related to hardness. Calcium concentration ranged from 31.47±0.95 to 239.56±1.0 mg/l in Pre-monsoon and 32.47±0.12 to 241.56±1.0 mg/l in post-monsoon. Magnesium content in investigated in the water samples ranged from 9.5±1.15 to 130.5±1.2 mg/l and 6.25±0.1 to 141.9±0.2 mg/l in post-monsoon and Pre-monsoon respectively.

Fluoride: Fluoride content is not detected in the water samples from all location in Gwalior District during Pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period.

Chloride: The chloride in the analysed samples was ranged from 13.2±0.18 – 430.0±0.5 mg/l during Pre-monsoon and 12.81±0.19- 425.6±0.3 mg/l during post-monsoon.

Total Alkalinity: Total Alkalinity is the indicative of its ability to neutralize the acids. Total alkalinity is calculated as bicarbonates. Total alkalinity varied in samples, the observed values were ranged from 95.0 ± 1.0- 415 ± 3.0 mg/l in Pre-Monsoon and 96.0 ± 2.0 to 418 ± 1.0 mg/l in post-monsoon.

Nitrates: Nitrates of the ground water samples were ranged from 0.78 ± 0.79 to 33.77 ± 0.85 in Pre-monsoon and 0.68 ± 0.79 to 34.77 ± 0.15 mg/l in post-monsoon. High nitrates in ground water may lead the health-related issues like methamoglobinemia. High nitrate in water is an environmental concern.

Sulphates: Sulphate was ranged from 7.76 ± 0.7 to 1280.8 ± 2.1 mg/l in Pre-monsoon and 7.56 ± 0.13 to 1287 ± 0.25 mg/l in post-monsoon. High sulphate concentration may cause diarrhoea as well as dehydration.

Heavy metal: Zn was ranged from 1.013 ± 0.07 to 1.69 ± 0.43 in pre monsoon and 0.917±0.22 to 1.904±0.10 mg/l in post monsoon. Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As) were fond below the detection limit.

CONCLUSION:

The present study concludes that some parameters of tested ground water samples taken from different locations of Gwalior district are exceeding the permissible limits of BIS criterion. Total Dissolved Solids during pre and post monsoon samples were found high, however in post monsoon slight decrease in TDS was observed. Electrical conductivity, Turbidity, Total Dissolved solids, Total Hardness, Calcium as Ca⁺⁺, Magnesium as Mg⁺⁺, Sulphate as SO⁺⁺ were found out of the permissible limits of BIS 10500:2017. Heavy metal and other parameters were found under the acceptable limits as per the Indian standard. Sampling sites were very close to the industries and dumping site may be the source of contamination in the ground water. Pre as well as post monsoon have slight impact on ground water quality. So, this study concluded the Industrial disposal, House hold waste disposal, chemically synthesized fertilizers and pesticides were significantly affecting the ground water quality.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest regarding this investigation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

The authors are grateful to the Advanced Environmental Testing and Research Lab Pvt. Ltd, Gwalior, India for providing the Lab facility for the present research work.

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Received on 01.04.2025 Revised on 03.05.2025

Accepted on 30.05.2025 Published on 19.06.2025

Available online from June 23, 2025

Asian J. Research Chem.2025; 18(3):149-154.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-4150.2025.00024

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.