Shivani Koul1, Shyama2, Reetesh Ramnani3, Anupam Srivastava4
1PhD Scholar, Department of Rasa Shastra Evum Bhaishajya Kalpana, National Institute of Ayurveda Deemed University, Amer Rd, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
2PhD Scholar, Department of Rasa Shastra, Evum Bhaishajya Kalpana, National Institute of Ayurveda Deemed University, Amer Rd, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
3Assistant Professor, Department of Rasa Shastra Evum Bhaishajya Kalpana, National Institute of Ayurveda Deemed University, Amer Rd, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
4Head of Department, Department of Rasa Shastra Evum Bhaishajya Kalpana, National Institute of Ayurveda Deemed University, Amer Rd, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: Shivani.koul001@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Introduction: The term Rasa Shastra translates to the "Science of Mercury," with Rasa being a synonym for mercury itself. This specialized branch of Ayurveda primarily deals with the processing and therapeutic application of substances derived from metals, minerals, and herbo-mineral origins. It encompasses a wide array of substances collectively known as Rasa Dravyas, which include Rasa (mercury), Maharasa, Uparasa, Sadharana Rasa, Dhatu, Upadhatu, Ratna, Upratna, Visha, and Upavisha. Formulations prepared using these ingredients—excluding purely herbal preparations—are classified as Rasaushadhis (herbo-metallic or metallic medicines). These formulations are valued in Ayurveda for their potent therapeutic effects, which include rapid action, minimal dosage requirement, and broad-spectrum efficacy regardless of a person’s constitution (Prakriti). Besides treating ailments, Rasaushadhis are also recognized for their Rasayana (rejuvenative) properties, contributing to delayed aging, enhanced vitality, improved immunity, and strengthened body tissues. Materials and Methods: A range of classical Ayurvedic texts and contemporary scholarly resources were consulted to compile information related to Rasaushadhis. This study aims to highlight the significance of Rasa Shastra as a distinct Ayurvedic discipline, its historical development, and categorization of Rasa Dravyas including Rasa, Uparasa, Maharasa, Sadharana Rasa, Dhatu, Upadhatu, Ratna, Upratna, Visha, and Upavisha. The classification of Rasaushadhis into mercurial and non-mercurial groups is discussed, with particular focus on the role of mercury and its compounds like mercuric sulphide. The paper also outlines the potential toxicity risks of improperly prepared Rasaushadhis, essential precautions during administration, and emphasizes the necessity of purification (Shodhana) and proper pharmaceutical processing. Additionally, both traditional Ayurvedic and modern scientific analytical techniques—such as organoleptic evaluation, physicochemical testing, and advanced instrumentation—are briefly reviewed to ensure the safety and efficacy of these formulations. Conclusion: Rasaushadhis exhibit significant therapeutic benefits across a broad range of health conditions. They are widely appreciated for their rapid onset of action, low dosage, palatability, ease of administration, and extended shelf life. However, their safe and effective use hinges on meticulous preparation involving proper purification and processing, alongside thorough evaluation through classical and modern analytical methods. Adherence to appropriate dosage, timing, dietary restrictions (Pathya), and contraindications (Apathya) is crucial to harness their full therapeutic potential while avoiding adverse effects.
Ayurveda holds that every substance in the universe can serve as medicine if used appropriately by a skilled physician1. Ayurvedic pharmaceutics incorporates drugs not only from plant sources (Audbhida) but also from animals (Jangama) and minerals/metals (Parthiva or Khanija), including materials like gold, silver, copper, and sulfur.2,3
Rasa Shastra, literally meaning "Science of Mercury," is a specialized branch of Ayurveda focusing on herbo-mineral, metallic, and mineral-based formulations known as Rasaushadhis. These medicines are renowned for their rapid action, minimal dosage, and wide-ranging efficacy across constitutional types.4 In addition to their therapeutic roles, they also act as Rasayana—promoting longevity, strength, and immunity.
The evolution of Rasa Shastra is attributed to the legendary sage Nagarjuna, revered as the father of this science. His vision extended beyond alchemy (Dhatuvada) to include spiritual and physical transformation (Dehavada)5, using mercury to eliminate suffering and poverty. With his contributions, Rasa Shastra emerged formally around the 8th century with systematic documentation.
Initially, metal-based preparations were limited to simple powdered forms, but with time, advanced methods like Shodhana (purification) and Marana (incineration) led to the development of Bhasma — refined, detoxified metal powders used safely in therapy. These processes were scientifically designed to eliminate toxicity and enhance bioavailability.
Rekha Purnatwa: Fineness confirmed when Bhasma settles in the finger ridges.
Varitaratwa: Floats on water, indicating lightness and fineness.
Apunarbhava: Does not revert to its original metal form upon heating with specific agents.
Nirutthatva: No weight change in silver when heated with Bhasma, confirming complete incineration.
XRD (X-ray Diffraction): Qualitative analysis of crystal structure.
SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy): Surface morphology.
PSD (Particle Size Distribution): Confirms fineness.
ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry): Elemental composition.
If a Bhasma fails any of these tests, it may retain toxicity and should not be used therapeutically. Thus, rigorous traditional and modern validation ensures safety and efficacy in Rasaushadhi formulations.
Rasa Shastra incorporates not only Rasa, but also Maharasa, Uparasa, and Sadarana Rasa, Dhatu, Updhatu, Ratan, Upratan, Visha & Upvisha etc. called as “Rasa Dravyas”. Hence the Metallic, Mineral or herbo-mineral formulation (not poly- herbal) which consist above Rasa dravyas as one of its constituents can be termed as Rasaushadhi.8
Table no.1: - Classification of Rasa Dravya
|
S. No. |
Class |
Contents under the class |
|
1 |
Rasa |
Mercury (Parada) |
|
2 |
Maharasa |
Mica (Abhraka), Tourmaline (Vaikraanta), Copper Pyrite (Maakshika), Iron Pyrite (Vimala), Asphalt (shilaajit), Blue Vitriol (Sasyaka), Bismuth (Capala), Calamine – Zinc ore (Rasaka) |
|
3 |
Uprasa |
Sulphur (Gandhaka), Haematite (Gairika), Green Vitriol (Kaasis), Alum (Kaankshi), Orpiment (Haritala), Realgar (Manasila), Stibnite’s (Anjana), Kamkusta |
|
{Gum exudates of Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.)} |
||
|
4 |
Sadharana Rasa |
Glands and hairs of Mallotus philippinensis (Kampillaka), Arsenic (Somala), Ammonium Chloride (Navasadara), Cowri (Kapardika), Amber (Agnijaara), Red Oxide of Mercury (Girisindoora), Cinnabar (Hingula), Litharge (Muddarashringa) |
|
5 |
Dhatu |
Gold (Suvarna), Silver (Raupya), Copper (Taamra), Iron (Loha), Lead (Naaga), Tin (Vanga), Zinc (Yashada) |
|
6 |
Updhatu |
Copper Pyrite (Suvarna Maakshika), Iron Pyrite (Raupya Maakshika), Blue Vitriol (Sasyaka), Iron Slag (Mandura), Red Lead Oxide (Sindura), Calamine (Rasaka), Gum exudates of Gambose tree (Kamkusta) |
|
7 |
Ratan |
Ruby (Maanikya), Pearl (Muktaa), Coral (Prawaala), Emerald (Taarkshya), Topaz (Pusparaaga), Diamond (Heeraka), Sapphire (Neela), Zircon (Gomeda), Cat’s Eye (Vaidurya). |
|
8 |
Upratan |
Tourmaline (Vaikraant), Aventurine Feldspar, Sun stone (Suryakaant), Moon stone (Candrakaant), Lapis Lazuli (Raajaawarta), Garnet (Laala), Turquoise (Perojaa) etc. |
|
9 |
Visha & Upvisha |
Vatsanabha (Aconite), Arka (Calatropis procera), Snuhi(Euphorbia neriifolia ) , Datura (Datura stramonium), Langali (Gloriosa superba), Karaveera (Neerium indicum), Gunjaa (Abrus precatorioius), Ahiphena etc. |
According to Rasa Sara Samgraha:
· Very quick in action.
· Quick Assimilation (The assimilation of Rasa preparations in the body is much faster because the preparation undergoes different processes called “Samskaras”.)9
· Small dose is required as compared to herbal dose.
· Easy to take, so patient’s acceptability is more.
· Long shelf life and easy preservation as compared to herbal medicines.
· More therapeutic efficacy as compared to herbal drugs. Acc. to Rasa Sara Samgraha one can treat Sadya types of diseases by using any type of medicine, but in case of Asadya Rogas, Rasaushadhis are best choice.10
According to Rasapaddati:
Three types of Treatment:
1. Daivi –Treatment which carried out with Rasa Dravyas.
2. Manushi- Treatment carried out with Churna, Sneha, Kashaya, and Lehyas.
3. Asuri –Treatment carried out with Sastras.
4. Using the term “Daivi” emphasizes the superiority of Rasa Aushadhis over other herbal formulations.
Role of Rasa Aushadhis as Rasayana:
In Rasa Shastra, numerous formulations are recognized for their Rasayana (rejuvenative) properties. While several such compounds are directly mentioned in Rasayanadhikara, many more are described across other chapters, functioning primarily as Rasayana but indicated for specific diseases. These formulations often include ingredients known to promote longevity, vitality, and systemic balance.
Parada (mercury) is regarded as one of the most potent Rasayana substances. When thoroughly purified and processed, it helps balance the Tridoshas, delays aging, prevents disease onset, and revitalizes vital organs. When combined with appropriate herbs, its therapeutic potential is significantly enhanced.
In addition to mercury, several other metals and minerals such as Swarna (gold), Rajata (silver), and Shilajatu (mineral pitch) are also highlighted in Rasa Shastra for their rejuvenating effects. Rasayana therapy, as a whole, supports longevity, boosts immunity, enhances cognitive functions like memory and intelligence, improves complexion and vitality, nourishes body tissues, regulates metabolism, and strengthens both body and mind, thereby sustaining overall physiological harmony.
Although Rasaushadhis are named after Parada (mercury), they are broadly classified into two categories: Mercurial and Non-mercurial formulations. The introduction of mercury into therapeutics marked a turning point in Ayurvedic medicine, initially being used not as a primary drug but as a bio-enhancer. When combined with other substances, mercury was believed to significantly enhance efficacy while reducing the required dosage.
Before its medicinal use, mercury undergoes a rigorous purification process (Shodhana) to become Shuddha Parada (purified mercury). It is then further processed into stable, non-toxic, and therapeutically potent forms known as Baddha or Murcchita Parada.
A foundational component in many mercurial preparations is Kajjali, a black, smooth, and fine powder formed by thoroughly triturating purified mercury with sulphur. Named for its resemblance to collyrium (kajal) in both appearance and texture, Kajjali serves as the base for numerous mercury-based formulations in Rasa Shastra.
Based on the method of preparation, the mercury-based drugs are classified as 1. Khalvi rasa, 2. Parpati rasa 3. Kupipakwa rasa and 4. Pottali rasa.
· Khalvi Rasa: This type of formulation involves thorough trituration of mercury, sulphur, and other prescribed herbal, mineral, or metallic ingredients using a mortar and pestle. Since the grinding process is carried out in a mortar called Khalva in Ayurvedic terminology, such preparations are referred to as Khalvi Rasa. The outcome is a fine, homogenous medicinal powder.
· Parpati Rasa: In this method, purified mercury and sulphur are first ground together, often with the addition of specific metal Bhasma, to produce Kajjali—a soft, black, homogenous powder. This mixture is then gently heated in an iron spatula until it melts. The molten mass is quickly poured onto a soft, even surface, typically a banana leaf placed over a moist platform made from mud or fresh cow dung. Another banana leaf is immediately placed on top, and the mass is flattened by pressing it uniformly by hand. After removing the top leaf, the thin, flat, sheet-like product obtained is known as Parpati.
· Kupipakva Rasa: This preparation involves heating Kajjali (a mixture of mercury, sulphur, and other ingredients) in a sealed glass flask with a long, narrow neck, known as a Kupi. Sometimes, earthenware or metal crucibles may also be used. Controlled heating is employed to transform the ingredients into stable compounds. The final product of this method is termed Kupipakva Rasa, widely used in various chronic conditions due to its potency and long shelf life.
· Pottali Rasa: In this method, the prepared Kajjali is wrapped tightly in a silk cloth to form a bundle called a Pottali. Separately, sulphur is melted in a wide-mouthed vessel to create a sulphur bath. The Pottali is then immersed in the molten sulphur and subjected to high-intensity heating. During this process, the Kajjali hardens into a solid ball, forming the final product known as Pottali Rasa. The burnt silk cloth sticking to the surface is carefully scraped off. When needed, the ball is rubbed on a moist stone slab in circular motion to generate a paste, which is administered to the patient in small, precisely measured doses. This formulation is known for its rapid action and is often used in emergency or acute medical conditions.
Table no. 2: - Types of Rasa Aushadhi with examples.
|
S. No |
Rasa Aushadhi |
Examples |
|
1 |
Khalvi Rasa |
Kajjali, Tribhuvanakeerthi Rasa, Aarogyavardini Vati. |
|
2 |
Parpati Rasa |
Rasa Parpati, Panchamritha Parpati, |
|
Swarna Parpati. |
||
|
3 |
Kupipakwa Rasa |
Makaradhwaja Rasa, Rasa Sindhura, |
|
Sameerapannaga Rasa. |
||
|
4 |
Pottali Rasa |
Hemagarbha Pottali, Rasagarbha Pottali. |
|
5 |
Bhasma |
Abhraka Bhasma, Swarna Bhasma. |
|
6 |
Pishti |
Pravala Pishti, Mukta Pishti. |
|
7 |
Lauha |
Sapthamrutha Lauha |
|
8 |
Mandura |
Punarnava Mandura. |
Minerals and metals other than mercury are also subjected to ‘Shodhana’ and ‘Marana’ processes. In the process of ‘Shodhana’, the material is subjected to grinding in a prescribed liquid media or heated and quenched or bathed in a suitable hot liquid media like cow milk, butter milk, cow urine, sesame oil or decoction or extracted juice of specified medicinal plant. The material is sometimes kept soaked overnight or boiled in liquid media for a prescribed period. Whereas sometimes the material is cooked in cow milk, sour vinegar or lime water.
In the process of ‘Marana’ therapeutically purified material is subjected to grinding with prescribed medicinal plant decoctions, juices etc., followed by incineration of ground material in a closed earthenware container to obtain fine and soft calcined product called ‘Bhasma’.
Some of the minerals such as Sulphur, Hematite, Alum, Borax etc. do not require incineration as they are very soft and palatable in their natural form. They are simply subjected to therapeutic purification i.e. ‘Shodhana’ for removing impurity and toxicity. Sometimes the ‘Bhasma’, although prepared carefully cannot get rid of properties or ingredients which prove harmful and toxic to the body. In such circumstances the ‘Bhasma’ is subjected to further processing. These procedures are termed as ‘Amritikarana’ and ‘Lohitikarana’. This is generally practiced in case of ‘Abhraka Bhasma’ (Bhasma prepared from Mica). In ‘Amritikarana’ the Abhraka Bhasma is cooked with ghee and decoction of ‘Triphalaa’. In ‘Lohitikarana’ the Abhraka Bhasma is once again subjected to incineration with the prescribed medicinal plants.
Pisti is prepared from minerals of gem quality. The purified minerals are subjected to wet grinding with prescribed liquids till a fine, dry powder is obtained.
Satva is prepared by subjecting the source material to intensive heating with borax at very high temperature.11
Table no. 3: - Some Examples of Kharaliya Rasa Aushadi with their dose, indication & Anupana 12
|
S. No. |
Kharaliya Rasa Aushadhi |
Dose& Anupana |
Indications |
|
1. |
Agastisutaraja Rasa |
1 Tab. Bid. |
Udarshula, Kapha-Vata Vikara, Shotha, Shula, Sangrahini, Atisara, Chhardi, Sharkara, Pittashmari. |
|
2. |
Agnitundi Rasa |
1-2 Tab bid. |
Dipana,Pachana,Vatanashaka,Rasajirna,Mandagni,Yakrit- vridhi,Urdhvavata and Kaphaja udararoga. |
|
3. |
Ardhangavatari Rasa |
125-250mg (1-2 ratti) |
Ardhangavata |
|
4. |
Amira Rasa |
125-250mg |
Atashaka |
|
5. |
Ashvakanchuki Rasa |
1–2-tab bid. |
Vatashula, Kshaya, Kasa, Shvasa, Vali, Palita, Bandhyatva, Katishula, Sutika roga, Dhanurvata, Udara roga, Yakrita- Pliha Vriddhi and Kosthashula. |
|
6. |
Arshakuthar Rasa |
1–2-tab bid. |
Arsha |
|
7. |
Amavatari Rasa |
1–2-tab bid. Madhu, Adraka Swarasa |
Amavata |
|
8. |
Arogyavardhini Vati |
2-4Tab.bid. Dugdha, Punarnava or dahmula Kwatha |
Shotha, Vrikka Vikara, Antahsravi granthi vikara, Prameha, Kustha, Rakta and Mansa Vikriti, Mala Sanchaya, Vata- Kaphaj roga, Malavarodha and Hridaya daurbalya. |
|
9. |
Icchhabhedi Rasa |
125-250mg Cold Water |
Raktadosha, Updansha, Kushta, Krimi, Kaphaja Jalodara, Malavrodha and Pakvashayagata mala sanchaya. |
|
10. |
Updanshakuthara Rasa |
125 mg bid. |
Updansha |
|
11. |
Unmadagajankush Rasa |
1tab bid. Brahmi Ghrita |
Unmada, apasmara, Mastika daurbalya, Murchha, Yoshapasmara and Anidra |
|
12. |
Unmadagajakeshari Rasa |
250-500mg bid. Madhu, Tambulapatra Swara |
Same as Unmadagajankush Rasa |
|
13. |
Ekangavira Rasa |
125-250mg bid. Madhu or Vatanashaka Kwatha |
Ekangavata, Pakshagata, Ardita, Gradrasi, Ardhangvata, Dhanurvata |
|
14. |
Karpura Rasa |
125-250mg Madhu or water |
Atisara, Pravahika,Sangrahni |
|
15. |
Kaphaketu Rasa |
125-250mg 4 hourly. Adraka Swarasa or Madhu |
Kaphaj Jvara, Kasa,Swasa,Pratishyaya. |
|
16. |
Vrihat Kasturibhairava Rasa |
125mg bid. Ardraka, Madhu & Tambulpatra Svarasa |
Sannipata Jvara, Shitanga, Pralapa, Tandra, Nadi Kshinata, Sutika Jvara, Vishama Jvara, Visuchika. |
|
17. |
Krimikuthara Rasa |
2-4 Tab.bid. Nagarmotha Kwatha |
Krimi roga |
|
18. |
Kamdudha Rasa |
250mg bid. |
Paitikka vikara, Raktapitta, Amlapitta, Atisara, Shirah shula, Mastika daurbalya, Chitodvega, Daha, Murccha, Bhrama, Kshaya, Urahkshata, Mutrakriccha |
|
19. |
Kamalahara Rasa |
1 masha tds. (1gm) Takra |
Kamala, Kumbhakamala, Pandu, Halimaka, Shotha, Mutra- Kriccha, Raktavikara |
|
20. |
Chandraprabha Vati |
1-2 tablets bid-tds. Godughda,Guduchi Kwatha, Gokshura kwatha |
Prameha, mutrakriccha, ashmari, mutraghata, pandu,kamala, Halimaka, Kustha, Kasa, Svasa, Agnimandya, Arochaka, Rasayana. |
|
21. |
Dushivishahari Gutika |
1-2tab. Bid-tds. |
Dushivisha, Jangamavisha, Sthavaravisha. |
|
22. |
Arshoghni Vati |
250mg bid. Takra |
Arsha |
|
23. |
Amavatari Vati |
375mg bid. Erandamula or Rasnadi Kvatha |
Arsha, gulma, shula, udararoga, yakrita-plihodara,pandu, Kamala, aruchi, asthila, granthishula, gradhrasi, galaganda, Gandamala, gudaroga. |
|
24. |
Karpuradi vati |
1 tab place in mouth and dissolve it 5-6 times a day |
Mukhhapaka, mukhadaurgandhya, dantavesta, jivhagata roga. |
|
25. |
Krimighatini gutika |
250 mg |
Krimi roga |
|
26. |
Sanshamani Vati |
5-10 tablets 4-5 times a day with Water |
Jvara, daha, pittadhikya, trishnadhikya. |
|
27. |
Trailokya Vijaya Vati |
1 tab. Bid. Madhu |
Pralapa, unmada, vrikkashula, kastartava, shula |
|
28. |
Dudha Vati |
1 tab.bid. Godugdha |
Shotha |
|
29. |
Plihari Vati |
1–4-tab, bid. Lukewarm water |
Plihavriddhi |
|
30. |
Prabhakara Vati |
1 tab. Bid. Madhu |
Hridaya roga and its updrava |
|
31. |
Vishamusti Vati |
1-2 tab.bid-tds. Water or Tambulapatra Svarasa |
Udara vata, udarashula, jirna vata roga, alarka visha, pakshaghata, ardita, kampavata, gradhrasi, chestahrasa. |
|
32. |
Vriddhibadhika Vati |
1 tab. Bid. Water, Haritaki Kwatha |
Vridddhi roga |
|
33. |
Brahmi Vati |
1-2 tab. Bid-tds Makkhan, Malai, dughda |
Smritihrasa, anidra, murcha, yoshapasmara, unmada, pralapa, bhrama, hridaya daurbalya. |
|
34. |
Madhumehanashini Gutika |
2-3 tab. Tds-qid. Amalaki, Haridra Svarasa |
Madhumeha, Prameha |
|
35. |
Rajahpravartini Vati |
1 tab. Bid. Lukewarm water (7 days before menstruation period) |
Rajarodha |
|
36. |
Sarivadi Vati |
1 tab. Od. At morning Godughda, Raktachandhan Kwatha |
Karnasrava,Karnanada, Badhirya |
Table no. 4: - Some examples of Parpati with Dose, Anupana &indications. 12
|
S. No. |
Parpati |
Dose & Anupana |
Indications |
|
1 |
Tamra Parpati |
125-375 mg bid. With Sukshma ela |
Yakrita vikara, pliha vriddhi, Udara roga, Sangrahani |
|
2 |
Panchamrita Parpati |
125-375 mg bd-tds. |
Sangrahani, Jirna atisara |
|
Jiraka churna, |
|||
|
madhu, dughda, takra |
|||
|
3 |
Sveta Parpati |
625-1250mg bid. Cold water,coconut water, takra |
Mutrakriccha,mutraghata,ashmari |
|
4 |
Bola Parpati |
250-375mg bid. |
Raktapitta |
|
Madhu, mishri, durva svarasa |
Table no.5: - Some examples of Kupipakva Rasa with Dose, Anupana &indications 12
|
S.No. |
KupipakvaRasa |
Dose & |
Indications |
|
Anupana |
|||
|
1 |
AshtamurtiRasa |
125-250mg |
Jirna updansha, parivartita jvara, Vishama jvara, Kshaya,sannipata jvara,sanyasa, bhuta unmada, apasmara, mutraghata, aptanka,aptantrak, phiranga |
|
bid. Adraka swarasa, |
|||
|
madhu |
|||
|
2 |
Siddha Makardvaja |
125-375 mg |
Jvara, Vishma Jvara,Jirna jvara, Jvaratisara,Sangrahani,ajirna,Visuchika, Rajyakshma, Shwasa,Kasa, Svarbhanga,Unmada, apasmara, Vata vyadhi,Amavata, Hridayaroga, |
|
bid. Tambula patra svarasa, |
sukrameha,murcha. |
||
|
madhu, |
|
||
|
|
|
mishri, makhan |
|
|
3 |
Rasa Sindura |
125-250mg |
Jvara, Prameha, Pradara, unmada, Apasmara |
|
bid. |
,Swasa, Kamala, Ajirna, Udarshula,murcha, sarvanga sotha,jirna vrana, vishphota,shira kampa,madayta |
||
|
Madhu |
|
||
|
4 |
Tala sindura |
60-125 mg |
Vata vikara, Vatta rakhta, Vishama Jvara,Charma roga,urastoya, jalodara, rajayakshma |
|
bid. Madhu, Ardraka Svarasa |
|||
|
5 |
Panchasuta rasa |
60-125 mg |
Svasa, Kasa, amajanyashula, vatta vyadhi, phuphus avaranashotha, sannipata jvara, balagraha,dhatridosha. |
|
bid. Madhu, Ardraka Svarasa, tulsipatra swarasa |
|||
|
6 |
Malasindura |
60-125mg |
Vishama Jvara, Visuchika,phiranga, pakshaghata,amavata,dhanurva ta,urastoya, |
|
bid. Madhu, adraka svarasa |
yoshapasmara, kaphaj sannipata, napunsakta. |
||
|
7 |
Tamrasindura |
125-250mg |
Yakrita-pliha roga, udarashula, rajayakshma of intestines, visuchika, tvakroga, vata-kaphaj mansarbuda, pittashaya shotha, jalodara of |
|
bid. Madhu, tulsipatra svarasa |
yakrit vikara, kaphaja granthi, visuchika, tivra chardi, apasmara,bala akshepa,rajarodha. |
||
|
8 |
Shilasindura |
125mg- 250mg bid.Madhu |
Kushta,Tvagroga,kasa,svasa,sthaulya,kanthamala |
|
,apachiGalaganda,kaphaja vyadhi |
|||
|
9 |
Samir pannaga rasa |
60-125mg |
Svasa, Visuchika, adyashana, pakshaghata, gradhrasi, katishula, Ardhangvata, ekangavata, sarva ngvata |
|
bid. Madhu, ardraka svarasa |
|||
|
10 |
Svarnavanga |
125-250mg |
Svetapradara, shukrameha, prameha, swapnadosha, viryadosha, shigrapatana, Charma roga |
|
bid. |
|||
|
Madhu, Makkhan,Malai |
|||
|
11 |
Manikya Rasa |
60 mg bid. Makhan, misri,madhu |
Rajayakshma, Yakrita vikara |
|
12 |
Svarnabhupati |
60-125mg |
Amavata, dhanurvata, adhyavata, panguta, kaphavata, agnimandya, Katishula,udavarta,grahni,ashmari,kushta, vidradhi,kshaya |
|
bid. |
|||
|
|
Rasa |
Madhu, |
|
|
adraka svarasa |
|||
|
13 |
Vyadi |
60-125 mg |
Raktavikara, updansha, sandhivata, vatarakta, vrana, khalit |
|
|
harana |
bid. |
ya,ni |
|
|
Rasa |
Madhu, |
dranasha, netraroga, vrikkashotha, mushkavriddhi, shotha, |
|
|
yana |
ardraka |
shitapitta, |
|
|
|
svarasa |
nadivrana |
|
14 |
Makar |
250mg bid. |
Shukra vikara, napunsakata |
|
. |
dhvaja Rasa |
Madhu, Adraka |
|
|
|
|
swarasa |
|
|
15 |
Rasa manikya |
60-125mg |
Kushta roga, vata rakta, visarpa, vipadika, vicharchika, twakavikara, Bhagandhara, nadivrana, visphotaka, sveta kushta |
|
. |
bid. Madhu, Makkkhana, misri |
Table no.6: - Some examples of Potalli Kalpana with Dose, Anupana &indications 12
|
S. No. |
Potalli |
Dose & Anupana |
Indications |
|
Kalpana |
|||
|
1 |
Hemagarbh |
360-480 mg bid. Milk |
Svasa,Kasa,Kshaya,Vatta-Kapha roga,Grahni |
|
Potalli Rasa |
|||
|
2 |
Rasa Garbha |
1-3 ratti |
pandu |
|
Potalli |
Table no.7: - Some examples of Bhasma with Dose, Anupana &indications 12
|
S. |
Bhasma |
Dose & |
Indications |
|
No. |
Anupana |
||
|
1 |
Abharaka Bhasma |
125-250mg bid. |
Rajayakshma, kaphakshaya, kasa, urah- kshata, dhatukshaya, svasa, prameha, somaroga Pandu, daha, jirnajvara, sangrahni, gulma, Agnimandya, pattikvyadhis, hridaya, mansika |
|
vikara |
|||
|
2 |
Akika Bhasma |
125-375mg |
Hridaya daurbalya, daha, netra-roga, raktapitta, mastishka & paitika vikara |
|
bid. Madhu,Makkh an |
|||
|
3 |
Kapardika Bhasma |
250-500 mg |
Parinamashula, annadravashula, sangrahi, amlapitta, rasakshya, Trishna,gulma, karnasrava, udara- vata, Mandagni, paitikka vikara |
|
bid. Nimbu or tambula |
|||
|
svarasa |
|||
|
4 |
Kasisa Bhasma |
125-375mg |
Pandu, kshaya, kushta, yakrita-pliha vridhi, ama- vikara, udara roga, vrana. |
|
bid. |
|||
|
Madhu |
|||
|
5 |
Kukkut anda Tvaka Bhasma |
250-375mg |
Prameha, mutraroga, vajikarana, rasayana, shukra Dosha, rajovikara. |
|
bid. |
|||
|
madhu |
|||
|
6 |
Kharpara bhasma |
250-375mg |
Prameha, netraroga, rajayakshma, dhatughata jirnajvara |
|
bid. |
|||
|
Madhu |
|||
|
7 |
Yashada bhasma |
60-125mg |
Pittanashaka, chakshushya, pandu, prameha, svasa, granthi, arbuda, daha, prameha, kasa, raja yakshma, atisara, sangrahani, |
|
bid. Madhu,mak khan,malai |
Dhatukshaya, jirnajvara, kanthamala, apachi, abhyantara shotha |
||
|
8 |
Tamra bhasma |
60-125mg |
Udara roga, prameha, ajirna, vishama jvara, yakrita |
|
bid |
vikara, parinama shula, hikka, gulma, kustha, krimi roga, Sangrahni, pittashaya roga, asthila, jalodara |
||
|
madhu |
|
||
|
9 |
Naga Bhasma |
125-250mg |
Madhumeha, netra roga, gulma, pliha vriddhi, pradara, Raktagulma, apachi, gandamala, dhatukshaya, kasa, Amavata, asthi vikara. |
|
bid. Madhu,mak kah ana or malai |
|||
|
10 |
Vanga Bhasma |
125-250mg |
Mukha daurgandya, prameha, pandu, gulma, raktapitta, Agnimandya,urdhvashvasa,daha,shukrameha,tvagdosh a, dhatukshaya,kushtha,jalodara |
|
bid. |
|||
|
Madhu |
|||
|
11 |
Lauha bhasma |
125-250mg |
Pandu,kapha roganashaka, raktapitta,prameha,paittika Vikara,sandhigata roga,shotha,dhatu vikara, |
|
bid |
sangrahni,medhovriddhi,mandagni,jirnajvara,kamala |
||
|
Madhu |
|
||
|
12 |
Shankha Bhasma |
500mg- 1gmbid. Madhu |
Sangrahni, udarashula,yuvana pidika, ajirna, mandagni, amlapitta, atisara. |
|
13 |
Rajata Bhasma |
125mg bid. |
Daha, Vata-pittadhikya, prameha, mastiksha daurbalya, pandu, shuska kasa, jvara, udara vata, anidra, |
|
Madhu |
unmada,apasmara,snayu daurbalya,hikka,garbhasya shoodhana. |
||
|
,makhan, mishri |
|
||
|
14 |
Suvarna Bhasma |
30-60 mg |
Rasayana,hridya,Kashaya,jirnajvara,mastiska daurbalaya,daha,paittik roga, kasa, svasa. |
|
bid. Madhu, makhan, mishri |
|||
|
15 |
Suvarna Makshika Bhasma |
125-250mg |
Vrishya, rasayana, yogvahi, pittashamaka, stambhaka, Raktaprasadana, pandu, kamala, jirnajvara, pittavikara, Amlapitta, raktapitta, vrana, prameha, pradara, mutrakric cha, visha vikara, kshaya, arsha, udar roga, kustha, krimi, madatya. |
|
bid.Madhu, makhan |
Table no.8: - Some examples of Pishti with Dose, Anupana &indications 12
|
S. No. |
Pishti |
Dose & Anupana |
Indications |
|
1 |
Keharva Pishti |
200-500mg bid-tds |
Raktapitta, paittika vikara, hridaya daurbalya, chhardi, pravahika, arsha, |
|
Madhu,Makkhana |
Daha, trishnadikya, atisveda, pittjanya updrava, krimi janya shirashula. |
||
|
2 |
Jaharmohra Pishti |
125-250mg bid-qid |
Hridaya, mastiska daurbalya, daha, Visuchika,atisara,yakrita vikara, jirna Jvara,shosha,shitala,raktachapa |
|
Madhu, godughda |
vriddhi |
||
|
3 |
Pravala Pishti |
125-750mg bid. |
Kaphanashaka, pittashamaka, daha, Kshaya, raktapitta, kasa, agnimandya, Visha, unmada, pandu, netraroga, hridaya Daurbalya, raktachapa vriddhi, paitika |
|
Madhu |
Vikara,amlapitta,raktapitta jvara, Rajayakshma. |
||
|
4 |
Mukta Pishti |
125-250mg bid. |
Kampavata, dristi daurbalya,paittika vikara,anidra,amlapitta,antardaha, Rajayakshma,anuloma kshaya, urah kshata, jirna jvara, mutra kriccha, |
|
Madhu |
garbhopdrava |
||
|
5 |
Muktashukti pisti |
250-500mg bid. |
Kshaya, kasa, svasa, jirnajvara, netradosha, hridya roga,paittika vikara, |
|
Madhu |
Paittika parinama shula, amlapiita, Pradara, raktaja gulma. |
||
|
6 |
Sangeyashava |
250-500mg bid. |
Raktapitta |
|
pishti |
Madhu, misri |
Table no.9: Some examples of Lauha with Dose, Anupana &indications
|
S. No. |
Lauha |
Dose & Anupana |
Indications |
|
1 |
Amlapittantaka |
1–2-tab bid. |
Amlapitta, yakrita shula, trishna, |
|
Lauha |
mutradaha, pandu |
||
|
2 |
Guduchyadi |
250mg bid. |
Vatarakta, raktavikara |
|
Lauha |
Madhu, godugdha |
||
|
3 |
Dhatri Lauha |
375-750mg bid. |
Amlapitta,parinama shula, pakti shula, |
|
Madhu |
Ajirna. |
||
|
4 |
Pradarantaka Lauha |
1 tab. Bid |
Pradara |
|
Misri, madhu |
|||
|
5 |
Vidangadi |
500-750 mg bid. |
Krimi roga, Pandu |
|
Lauha |
Lukewarm water |
||
|
6 |
Saptamrita |
500-1000mg od-bid. |
Netra roga, Palitya |
|
Lauha |
Mahatriphala ghrita |
Table no. 10: Some examples of Mandura with Dose, Anupana &indications 12
|
S.No. |
Mandura |
Dose & Anupana |
Indication |
|
1 |
Tryushanadi Mandura |
1 tab bid. |
Pandu, Shotha,udara roga, Urustambha, Kushtha, Pliha roga. |
|
Mandura, Gomutra |
|||
|
2 |
Punarnavadi Mandura |
2-3 tab. bid. Punarnava Swarasa, Gomutra |
Shothyukta Pandu |
In Ayurveda, the potential of a drug to act either as a remedy or a toxin lies in its proper preparation and administration. A well-processed and appropriately used formulation can act as a panacea, while one that is poorly prepared or wrongly administered can turn poisonous. This is particularly true for Rasaushadhis—herbo-mineral and metallic formulations—which require meticulous attention at every stage, from selection and processing of raw materials to patient-specific administration.
Proper dosage is crucial in the administration of Rasaushadhi. If taken in insufficient quantities (Alpamatra), the drug may not show the desired effect, whereas an excessive dose (Atimatra) may lead to adverse reactions or toxicity. The time, frequency, and duration of administration must also align with the guidelines mentioned in classical texts to ensure optimal efficacy. Each Rasaushadhi is advised to be taken with a specific Anupana (vehicle) like milk, ghee, or honey, which aids in the absorption, assimilation, and safety of the medicine. Ignoring dietary and lifestyle recommendations (Pathya-Apathya) during or after treatment can result in therapeutic failure or adverse outcomes. Moreover, while mineral-based drugs are often believed to have long shelf lives, herbo-mineral formulations may degrade, so checking the expiry is essential before administration.
Ensuring the identity, quality, and standardization of raw materials, as per the guidelines of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) and the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI), is another vital step. The patient’s Prakriti (constitution)—Vataja, Pittaja, Kaphaja, Dvandvaja, or Tridoshaja—must be assessed before prescribing any medicine, as drugs with similar properties (Guna) can aggravate the dosha, while those with opposing qualities can help balance it. Therefore, the physician’s diagnostic skills and clinical judgment (Yukti) are indispensable for the safe and effective use of Rasaushadhis.
When these essential principles are neglected, Rasaushadhis can become toxic. For instance, improperly purified mercury (Parada) may cause severe conditions such as fever (Santapa), unconsciousness (Moorcha), stiffness (Jadata), and skin diseases (Kushta), and can even be fatal. Modern toxicology supports these findings, associating impure mercury with skin disorders, digestive disturbances, reduced immunity, vomiting, and other systemic issues. Other improperly processed ingredients such as Vaikranta (Tourmaline), Swarna Makshika (Pyrite), and Gandhaka (Sulphur) may cause a range of conditions from eye disorders, indigestion, and skin diseases to anemia, dizziness, infertility, and general debility.
Mercury plays a central role in Rasa Shastra, which is evident from the fact that the entire discipline is named after it. Its unique chemical and pharmaceutical properties have been harnessed to enhance the effectiveness of formulations. A standout quality of mercury is its Yogavahitva—its catalytic ability to potentiate the therapeutic effects of substances it is combined with, while retaining its own properties. This enhances drug bioavailability, shortens the onset time of action, and reduces the dosage needed for effective therapy. The term Rasibhavana refers to the process through which metals, once converted into Bhasma, acquire mercury-like qualities—becoming more assimilable and effective.
The quality of Bhasmas depends significantly on the substances used during their preparation. Bhasmas prepared using mercury are considered the most potent, those prepared with plant materials are of moderate quality, and those processed with sulphur are considered less effective. If antagonistic metals (Ari-Loha) are used, the resulting Bhasma may even be harmful. This hierarchy underscores the importance of mercury in producing high-quality, therapeutically valuable Bhasmas.
Despite its known toxicity in raw form, mercury is safely used in Ayurveda as mercuric sulphide (HgS)—commonly called Kajjali. This inorganic compound is significantly less toxic than organic forms such as methyl mercury, which are thousands of times more harmful. Inorganic sulphide compounds like Kajjali are poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, making them relatively safe. Mercury is also detoxified through classical Ayurvedic methods like grinding, boiling, heating, and distillation using agents such as Rasona (garlic) and Kanji (fermented gruel), most of which contain sulphur. This sulphur not only helps neutralize mercury’s toxicity but also contributes essential nutrients to the body.
Sulphur plays a vital role in human biochemistry, being a component of important biomolecules like glutathione, methionine, cysteine, and taurine, which support antioxidant functions and cellular defense mechanisms. Medicines containing Kajjali may promote the formation of these compounds, thereby aiding in tissue regeneration and slowing the aging process. Mercury also functions as a transient catalyst for antioxidant activity, supporting rejuvenation at the cellular level.
An additional advantage of mercury-based formulations is their controlled drug release. Herbal powders triturated with Kajjali exhibit a structured layering, alternating between active herbal ingredients and inert mercury sulphide. This design allows for a timed and sustained release of the medicine in the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, the drug is gradually absorbed and released in response to the body’s requirements. When the plasma concentration of the active component falls, the body’s biofeedback mechanisms may trigger the release of more drug, thereby ensuring continuous therapeutic action over a longer period.13
Rasaushadhis—when carefully processed, appropriately prescribed, and judiciously administered—offer significant therapeutic benefits. Mercury, with its unique properties and proper handling, plays a crucial role as a bio-enhancer and pharmaceutical agent in Ayurvedic medicine. However, adherence to classical guidelines and modern safety protocols is essential to ensure their efficacy and avoid potential toxicity.
Rasaushadhis possess broad-spectrum therapeutic potential and are effective in managing disorders across nearly all systems of the human body. Their widespread use can be attributed to several advantages, including rapid onset of action, minimal required dosage, better palatability, convenient administration, and extended shelf life. However, to ensure their safety and efficacy, these formulations must undergo meticulous processing and purification, following both traditional Ayurvedic methods and modern analytical techniques. Additionally, critical factors such as accurate dosage, appropriate duration and timing of administration, as well as adherence to Pathya (recommended lifestyle and diet) and avoidance of Apathya (harmful practices or substances), must be carefully observed. These precautions are essential not only to avoid adverse effects but also to optimize the therapeutic benefits of Rasaushadhis.
REFERENCE:
1. Caraka Samhita with Aayurved Dipika commentary by Cakrapaani edited by Vaidya Jadavaji Trikamji Acharya (1984). Sutra Sthaana 26/12. Choukhmba Sanskrita Sansthan, Varanasi (India).
2. Caraka Samhita with Aayurved Dipika commentary by Cakrapaani edited by Vaidya Jadavaji Trikamji Acharya (1984). Sutra Sthaana 1/68. Choukhmba Sanskrita Sansthan, Varanasi (India).
3. Sushruta Samhitaa with Nibandh Sangraha commentary by Dalhana, edited by Jadavaji Trikamaji Aacaarya, (1992). 5th edition. Sutra Sthana- 1/32. Choukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi (India).
4. Vaagbhata, Rasaratnasamuccaya, fifth edition (1976). Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi (India).
5. Anonymous, (2004). “(Raseshvara darshan, quoted in Maadhvaacaarya, ‘Sarvadarshana Samgriha’ Dr. Umashankar Sharma ‘Rishi’- Ed). Chowkhambha Vidya Bhavana, Varanasi, 221001, (India), page- 329.
6. Vaagbhata, Rasaratnasamuccaya, fifth edition (1976), Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi (India), page-137.
7. Gautam.S et.al., Rasaaushadi (Metallo-medicine)-Pharmaceutical factors for safe and effective medicine, International Ayurvedic Medical Journal, ISSN:2320 5091.
8. Dr. Sidhinandan Mishra, A text book of Ayurvedic RasaShastra. Chaukhambha Orientalia Varanasi, Reprint 2007; p.12.
9. Shastri Pd. Kashinath, Rasa tarangini of Sadanand Sharma, Motilalbanarasi Publication. Delhi.2nd Edition 2012; p.99-114.
10. Dr.Ramachandra Reddy. Text book of Rasashastra, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Bhawan, Varanasi, Second Edition 2010; p.22.
11. Savrikar, S., & Ravishankar, B. (2011). Introduction to ‘Rasashaastra’-the iatrochemistry of Ayurveda. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 8(5S).
12. Mukheria, P. K. (n.d.). Pocket book of Ayurvedic medicine reckoner. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
13. Joshi, N., Dash, M. K., & Panda, P. (2018). Critical review on the concept of Kajjali: The boon of Ayurvedic Herbomineral preparations (Rasaushadhi). Int J Green Pharm, 11, 112-5.
|
Received on 01.07.2025 Revised on 21.07.2025 Accepted on 04.08.2025 Published on 12.08.2025 Available online from August 18, 2025 Asian J. Research Chem.2025; 18(4):255-264. DOI: 10.52711/0974-4150.2025.00040 ©A and V Publications All Right Reserved
|
|
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License. |
|