ABSTRACT:
The presence of micro and nano plastics in the environment is a growing threat to ecosystems and human health. These small plastic particles are either produced intentionally or resulting from the degradation of larger plastics and have been found in nearly every habitat, from oceans to soil, and even in the atmosphere. Their persistence in the environment is concerning due to their ability to interact with both living organisms and non-living elements such as water and soil. Micro and nano plastics can act as vectors for harmful chemicals like persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals, further increasing their toxicity. This paper explores the environmental and biological risks posed by micro and nano plastics, highlighting their sources, distribution, and impact on marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems. The ingestion of these particles by organisms at all levels of the food chain leads to bioaccumulation and potential health risks, including toxicity and disruption of biological functions. Additionally, emerging research points to the potential for human exposure through contaminated food, water, and air. Given the challenges in detecting and mitigating micro and nano plastics, this study underscores the need for stricter regulations, advanced detection technologies, and innovative waste management solutions to address this growing global issue. This study aims to explore the environmental and biological risks associated with micro and nano plastics, focusing on their sources, environmental distribution, impact on ecosystems, and potential health hazards. By examining the challenges posed by these emerging pollutants, this research underscores the urgent need for innovative solutions and global action to mitigate their impact.